Question 33 Which of these genes would be on the bacterial chromosome, rather than on a plasmid In other words, all of these genes are likely to be on a bacterial plasmid EXCEPT... Oa gene for degrading a certain environmental pollutant (e.g., oil). Oa gene for resistance to a certain antibiotic. Oa gene for ATP synthase. a gene for making sex pili.
Molecular Techniques
Molecular techniques are methods employed in molecular biology, genetics, biochemistry, and biophysics to manipulate and analyze nucleic acids (deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)), protein, and lipids. Techniques in molecular biology are employed to investigate the molecular basis for biological activity. These techniques are used to analyze cellular properties, structures, and chemical reactions, with a focus on how certain molecules regulate cellular reactions and growth.
DNA Fingerprinting and Gel Electrophoresis
The genetic makeup of living organisms is shown by a technique known as DNA fingerprinting. The difference is the satellite region of DNA is shown by this process. Alex Jeffreys has invented the process of DNA fingerprinting in 1985. Any biological samples such as blood, hair, saliva, semen can be used for DNA fingerprinting. DNA fingerprinting is also known as DNA profiling or molecular fingerprinting.
Molecular Markers
A known DNA sequence or gene sequence is present on a chromosome, and it is associated with a specific trait or character. It is mainly used as a genetic marker of the molecular marker. The first genetic map was done in a fruit fly, using genes as the first marker. In two categories, molecular markers are classified, classical marker and a DNA marker. A molecular marker is also known as a genetic marker.
DNA Sequencing
The most important feature of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules are nucleotide sequences and the identification of genes and their activities. This the reason why scientists have been working to determine the sequences of pieces of DNA covered under the genomic field. The primary objective of the Human Genome Project was to determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human nuclear genome. DNA sequencing selectively eliminates the introns leading to only exome sequencing that allows proteins coding.
Bacterial chromosomes are located in a nucleotide, a distinct cytoplasmic structure in which double -stranded DNA is coated with histone-like proteins . most bacteria appear to have a single large circular chromosomes , but this is not universal. many bacterial contain extra-chromosomal elements such as plasmids . the genome of Borrelia burgdorferi is composed of an ~0.9 -mb linear chromosome and ~19 linear and circular plasmid with a total size greater than 056 mb.
replication of bacterial chromosomes is initiated at a well -defined region, the origin of replication (oriC) . A remarkable feature of the replication origins is the conservation of the dnaA gene and the flanking noncoding regions, containing dnaA boxes and AT-rich repeats. A similar organization occurs in mollicutes . the self replicating property of the oriC regions of S. citri has been used to construct artificial plasmid vectors which replicate in this organism .
in the isolation of oriC region of spiroplasma citri , two conserved domain of the DNA protein have been identified . one is the ATP -binding site (YNPLFIYG) and the other, close to the C-terminal end, is GGRDHTTV. from these two amino acid sequences, taking into account the known S. citri codon usages , the sequences of the following degenerated oligonucleotides have been deduced.
a plasmid is a small , extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently.
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