Q2: What is the bottleneck in the following system setup, the CPU, memory bus, or the disk set? • The user program continuously performs reads of 64KB blocks, and requires 21 million cycles to process each block. • The operating system requires 1 million cycles of overhead for each I/O operation. • The clock rate is 3GHz. • The maximum sustained transfer rate of the memory bus is 64MB/sec • The read/write bandwidth of the disk controller and the disk drives is 64MB/sec, disk average seek plus rotational latency is 9ms. • There are 20 disks attached to the bus each with its own controller. (Assume that each disk can be controlled independently and ignore disk conflicts.)

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Suppose we have a magnetic disk with the following parameters: Average seek time = 12 ms Rotation rate = 7200 RPM Transfer rate = 48 MB/second Sector size = 512 bytes What is the average time to read a single sector?

Because a) each address generated by the CPU is compared to the relocation and limit registers; b) they use a protection algorithm; c) they are in distinct memory spaces; and d) they use distinct logical addresses, the operating system and other processes are protected from modification by an already running process. Write a comprehensive study of each of the fourteen key NCS programs.