Problem 4) Combustion For some cogeneration systems, the fuel is "liquid petroleum gas" (LPG). This fuel is a mixture of several gases, but typically is composed mostly of propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10). For this problem, assume that the "LPG" consists (by volume) of 25% propane and 75% butane. Use these LHVs: propane is 46.28 MJ/kg and butane is 45.27 MJ/kg. a) Determine the average molecular formula, CxHy. Determine the average lower heating value (MJ/kg). (Hint: you need mole fractions for the molecular formula, and you need mass fractions for the average LHV.) b) For 12% excess air (by volume) with this fuel, determine the balanced reaction statement, the air-fuel mass ratio, and the equivalence ratio. Confirm that your work is correct by determining and comparing the reactant and product masses. How do these numbers compare to pure propane and pure butane? (Hint: you need to determine the stoichiometric case first.) c) For part "b," for 12% excess air, determine the "dry" and "wet" mole fractions of all product species (excluding H₂O).

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You have a calorimeter with 100 g of water at 22.6ᵒC and a 50.0 g piece of copper that you have heated to 98.7ᵒC. You place the copper in the water and wait for the temperature of the water to stop rising. What will be the highest temperature of the water? (Specific heats: water = 4.184 J/gᵒC, copper = 0.385 J/gᵒC )