Potential Energy (kJ)1. Consider these three reactions as the elementary steps in the mechanism for a chemical reaction.(i) Cl₂ (g) + Pt (s) → 2Cl (g) + Pt (s)AH = -950 kJEa = 1550 kJEa = 2240 kJ(ii) Cl (g)+ CO (g) + Pt (s) → CICO (g) + Pt (s)AH = 575 kJ(iii) Cl (g) + CICO (g) → Cl₂CO (g)Ea = 2350 kJAH = -825 kJ2600240022002000a. Draw the potential energy diagram for the reaction. Label the data points for clarity.The potential energy of the reactants is 600 kJ180016001400120010008006004002000-200--400-600--800Reaction Progress

Given the reaction proceeds via 3 elementary steps. So there will be 3 peaks in the potential energy…

Potential Energy (kJ) 1. Consider these three reactions as the elementary steps in the mechanism for a chemical reaction. (i) Cl₂ (g) + Pt (s) → 2Cl (g) + Pt (s) Ea = 1550 kJ AH =-950 kJ (ii) Cl (g)+ CO (g) + Pt (s) → CICO (g) + Pt (s) Ea = 2240 kJ ΔΗ = 575 kJ AH = -825 kJ (iii) Cl (g) + CICO (g) → Cl₂CO (g) Ea = 2350 kJ 2600 2400 2200 2000 a. Draw the potential energy diagram for the reaction. Label the data points for clarity. The potential energy of the reactants is 600 kJ 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 -200- -400 -600 -800 Reaction Progress

Potential Energy (kJ) 1. Consider these three reactions as the elementary steps in the mechanism for a chemical reaction. (i) Cl₂ (g) + Pt (s) → 2Cl (g) + Pt (s) Ea = 1550 kJ AH =-950 kJ (ii) Cl (g)+ CO (g) + Pt (s) → CICO (g) + Pt (s) Ea = 2240 kJ ΔΗ = 575 kJ AH = -825 kJ (iii) Cl (g) + CICO (g) → Cl₂CO (g) Ea = 2350 kJ 2600 2400 2200 2000 a. Draw the potential energy diagram for the reaction. Label the data points for clarity. The potential energy of the reactants is 600 kJ 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 -200- -400 -600 -800 Reaction Progress

Chemistry

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Author:Steven S. Zumdahl

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Chapter17: Spontaneity, Entropy, And Free Energy

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 23Q: Monochloroethane (C2H5Cl) can be produced by the direct reaction of ethane gas (C2H6) with chlorine...

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The following equation represents a reversible decomposition: CaCO3(s)CaO(s)+CO2(g) Under what conditions will decomposition in a closed container proceed to completion so that no CaCO3 remains?
Silicon forms a series of compounds analogous to the al-kanes and having the general formula SinH2n+2. The first of these compounds is silane, SiH4, which is used in the electronics industry to produce thin ultrapure silicon films. SiH4(g) is somewhat difficult to work with because it is py-ropboric at room temperature—meaning that it bursts into flame spontaneously when exposed to air. (a) Write an equation for the combustion of SiH4(g). (The reaction is analogous to hydrocarbon combustion, and SiO2 is a solid under standard conditions. Assume the water produced will be a gas.) (b) Use the data from Appendix E to calculate ? for this reaction. (c) Calculate G and show that the reaction is spontaneous at 25°C. (d) Compare G for this reaction to the combustion of methane. (See the previous problem.) Are the reactions in these two exercises enthalpy or entropy driven? Explain.
Substances that poison a catalyst pose a major concern for many engineering designs, including those for catalytic converters. One design option is to add materials that react with potential poisons before they reach the catalyst. Among the commonly encountered catalyst poisons are silicon and phosphorus, which typically form phosphate or silicate ions in the oxidizing environment of an engine. Group 2 elements are added to the catalyst to react with these contaminants before they reach the working portion of the catalytic converter. If estimates show that a catalytic converter will be exposed to 625 g of silicon during its lifetime, what mass of beryllium would need to be included in the design?
The direct reaction of iron(III) oxide. Fe2O3, to give iron and oxygen gas is a nonspontaneous reaction; normally, iron combines with oxygen to give rust (the oxide). Yet we do change iron(III) oxide, as iron ore, into iron metal. How is this possible? Explain.
In Chapter 3, we discussed the conversion of biomass into biofuels. One important area of research associated with biofuels is the identification and development of suitable catalysts to increase the rate at which fuels can be produced. Do a web search to find an article describing biofuel catalysts. Then, write one or two sentences describing the reactions being catalyzed, and identify the catalyst as homogeneous or heterogeneous.
Monochloroethane (C2H5Cl) can be produced by the direct reaction of ethane gas (C2H6) with chlorine gas or by the reaction of ethylene gas (C2H4) with hydrogen chloride gas. The second reaction gives almost a 100% yield of pure C2H5Cl at a rapid rate without catalysis. The first method requires light as an energy source or the reaction would not occur. Yet G for the first reaction is considerably more negative than G for the second reaction. Explain how this can be so.
Old-fashioned smelling salts consist of ammonium carbonate, (NH4)2CO3. The reaction for the decomposition of ammonium carbonate (NH4)2CO3(s)2NH3(g)+CO(g)+H2O(g) is endothermic. Would the smell of ammonia increase or decrease as the temperature is increased?
7-69 Pure carbon exists is several forms, two of which are diamond and graphite. The conversion of the diamond form to the graphite form is exothermic to a very slight extent. How is it that jewelers can advertise "Diamonds are forever"?
. Account for the increase in reaction rate brought about by a catalyst.
Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate, CoCl26H2O, is a bright pink compound, but in the presence of very dry air it loses water vapor to the air to produce the light blue anhydrous salt CoCl2. Calculate the standard free-energy change for the reaction at 25C: CoCl26H2O(s)CoCl2(s)+6H2O(g) Here are some thermodynamic data at 25C: What is the partial pressure of water vapor in equilibrium with the anhydrous salt and the hexahydrate at 25C? (Give the value in mmHg.) What is the relative humidity of air that has this partial pressure of water? The relative humidity of a sample of air is Relativehumidity=partialpressureofH2O(g)inairvaporpressureofwater100 What do you expect to happen to the equilibrium partial pressure over the hexahydrate as the temperature is raised? Explain.
Amoxicillin is an antibiotic packaged as a powder. When it is used to treat babies and small animals, the pharmacist or veterinarian must suspend it in water, so that it can be administered orally with a medicine dropper. The label says to dispose of unused suspension after 14 days. It also points out that refrigeration is required. In the context of this chapter, what is implied in the latter two statements?
Consider these three reactions as the elementary steps in the mechanism for a chemical reaction.(i) Cl2 (g) + Pt (s) à 2Cl (g) + Pt (s) Ea = 1550 kJ ∆H = – 950 kJ(ii) Cl (g)+ CO (g) + Pt (s) à ClCO (g) + Pt (s) Ea = 2240 kJ ∆H = 575 kJ(iii) Cl (g) + ClCO (g) à Cl2CO (g) Ea = 2350 kJ ∆H = – 825 kJ e. Which reaction intermediate would be considered a catalyst (if any) and why?f. If you were to add 2700kJ of activation energy to the reaction, would you be able to make thereaction reverse itself (i.e. have the products become reactants)? Justify your answer.g. If you were to added a positive catalyst to step (iii) what would the end result be? Justify yourprediction. h. Your friend is looking at your graph and states that she believes that step (ii) is the ratedetermining step. Do you agree with her? Justify your reasoning.

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