Chemistry
Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN: 9781305957404
Author: Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Concept explainers

Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are the organic compounds that are obtained in foods and living matters in the shape of sugars, cellulose, and starch. The general formula of carbohydrates is Cn(H2O)2. The ratio of H and O present in carbohydrates is identical to water.
Starch
Starch is a polysaccharide carbohydrate that belongs to the category of polysaccharide carbohydrates.
Mutarotation
The rotation of a particular structure of the chiral compound because of the epimerization is called mutarotation. It is the repercussion of the ring chain tautomerism. In terms of glucose, this can be defined as the modification in the equilibrium of th…
L Sugar
A chemical compound that is represented with a molecular formula C6H12O6 is called L-(-) sugar. At the carbon’s 5th position, the hydroxyl group is placed to the compound’s left and therefore the sugar is represented as L(-)-sugar. It is capable of rotat…
Question

Please help answer the question on natural polymers

 

polysaccharides 

1) what is the predominant functions group in polysaccharides 

2) what types of covalent linkage connects the monomers

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proteins

1) sketch the two amino acids. Contrast the polarity of the side chains

 

Dna

1) what are the predominant groups in dna

2) the covalent linkage between nucleotides is called a phosphodiester bond. Sketch the linkage

Activity 2.2 Polystyrene is found in many products because it is lightweight, a good insulator, and inexpensive. It is used to make insulation for houses and cups that keep beverages hot or cold as well as in shipping materials. However, the manufacture of polystyrene requires hazardous chemicals and also uses petroleum, a non-renewable resource. Environmentally friendly Alte Materials • reference books computers with Internet access Procedure 1. Research polystyrene in order to better understand what it is and how it is made. Use the questions below to guide your research. What is the chemical structure of polystyrene and what is the chemical reaction for the production of polystyrene? • What properties of polystyrene make it hazardous to the environment? . What is the environmental impact of polystyrene on the environment through its manufacture, use, and disposal? Learning Check 19. Identify and describe the chemical process used to convert petroleum into petrochemicals. 20. Why do manufacturers want to convert the components in petroleum into petrochemicals? 21. Use a graphic organizer to show the steps involved in converting ethene into PVC. • What is the impact of polystyrene on human health? 2. Find out how is polystyrene recycled. Are there industries in your community or in Ontario that recycle 3. Research alternatives that are available that could be used instead of polystyrene. Questions 1. Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of the use of polystyrene. 2. Construct a table to show the advantages and disadvantages associated with recycling polystyrene. 124 MHR-Unit 1 Organic Chemistry 3. Identify the advantages and disadvantages of the alternatives to polystyrenes. 4. Hold a debate in your class about whether or not the use of polystyrene should be banned in your community. Invite other classes to view the debate and judge the winners. 22. List the advantages and disadvantages to producing PVC. 23. What are dioxins? 24. Identify two ways you can reduce the amount of plastic waste generated in your home. Natural Polymers Natural polymers are found in almost every living system. Natural polymers include polysaccharides, proteins, and DNA. Polysaccharides, such as starch, are made up of sugar monomers and broken down to release energy by living things. Proteins are used by living things to build muscle and connective tissues and as enzymes to catalyze chemical reactions. DNA is the genetic material inside cells. Polysaccharides Polymers comprising sugar monomers (also called saccharides) are called polysaccharides. For example, the natural polymer cellulose provides most of the structure of plants. The monomer of cellulose is glucose, a sugar. Wood, paper, cotton, and flax are all composed of cellulose fibres. Figure 2.25A gives a close-up look at cellulose fibres. Figure 2.25B shows part of a cellulose polymer. Starch, the energy storage unit in plants, shown in Figure 2.26, is also a Humans can digest starch, but they cannot digest cellulose. What is the difference polysaccharide. between these polymers? The orientation of individual glucose monomers differs in the two polymers. In cellulose the glucose monomers form beta linkages and in starch the glucose monomers form alpha linkages. The difference between the two linkages is difficult to visualize in a two-dimensional sketch, but chemists have agreed on a convention for drawing the alpha and beta linkages. In the beta linkage, the bond from the carbon atom to the oxygen atom is drawn upward, as shown by the red arrows in the cellulose in Figure 2.25A. In the alpha linkage, the bond from the carbon atom to the oxygen atom is drawn downward, as shown by the red arrows in the starch in Figure 2.26. cellulose A H HO CH₂OH H H HO H H OH H H H HO- OH H Figure 2.25 (A) Cellulose is the main structural fibre in plants and makes up the fibre in our diet. Red arrows point to beta linkages. (B) Cellulose forms fibres that can be viewed through a scanning electron microscope. OH/ H H HO -H H 0 Enzymes in our bodies recognize and break down the alpha linkages in a starch molecule. However, animals, including human beings, have no enzymes that recognize the beta linkages. Thus, cellulose passes through our system. However, some animals, such as cows and termites, are host to bacteria that can digest beta linkages. In this manner, these animals can gain nutrients from cellulose. H Starch also differs from cellulose in that it can have branched chains. Straight-chain starch is called amylose and branched-chain starch is called amylopectin. After about every 24 to 30 glucose monomers in amylopectin, there is a branch such as the one in Figure 2.26. Glycogen, a third glucose polymer, is the energy storage unit in animals. Like starch, glycogen has an alpha linkage, so it can also be digested by humans. However, glycogen differs from starch in that it has many more branches. Glycogen branches at about every 8 to 12 glucose units. This extensive branching creates many free ends that allow enzymes to act on the glycogen polymer at many points simultaneously, thus increasing the rate at which glucose can be released from storage. H CH₂OH H CH₂OH CH₂OH H starch H H OH H HO- H CH₂OH OH/ H H HO- H -H H CH₂OH OH H H H HO- O H H CH₂ H H H Figure 2.26 The bonds between glucose monomers in starch can be broken by enzymes in the digestive systems of animals. Arrows point to alpha linkages. OH H B 0- magnification: unknown Chapter 2 Reactions of Organic Compound
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Transcribed Image Text:Activity 2.2 Polystyrene is found in many products because it is lightweight, a good insulator, and inexpensive. It is used to make insulation for houses and cups that keep beverages hot or cold as well as in shipping materials. However, the manufacture of polystyrene requires hazardous chemicals and also uses petroleum, a non-renewable resource. Environmentally friendly Alte Materials • reference books computers with Internet access Procedure 1. Research polystyrene in order to better understand what it is and how it is made. Use the questions below to guide your research. What is the chemical structure of polystyrene and what is the chemical reaction for the production of polystyrene? • What properties of polystyrene make it hazardous to the environment? . What is the environmental impact of polystyrene on the environment through its manufacture, use, and disposal? Learning Check 19. Identify and describe the chemical process used to convert petroleum into petrochemicals. 20. Why do manufacturers want to convert the components in petroleum into petrochemicals? 21. Use a graphic organizer to show the steps involved in converting ethene into PVC. • What is the impact of polystyrene on human health? 2. Find out how is polystyrene recycled. Are there industries in your community or in Ontario that recycle 3. Research alternatives that are available that could be used instead of polystyrene. Questions 1. Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of the use of polystyrene. 2. Construct a table to show the advantages and disadvantages associated with recycling polystyrene. 124 MHR-Unit 1 Organic Chemistry 3. Identify the advantages and disadvantages of the alternatives to polystyrenes. 4. Hold a debate in your class about whether or not the use of polystyrene should be banned in your community. Invite other classes to view the debate and judge the winners. 22. List the advantages and disadvantages to producing PVC. 23. What are dioxins? 24. Identify two ways you can reduce the amount of plastic waste generated in your home. Natural Polymers Natural polymers are found in almost every living system. Natural polymers include polysaccharides, proteins, and DNA. Polysaccharides, such as starch, are made up of sugar monomers and broken down to release energy by living things. Proteins are used by living things to build muscle and connective tissues and as enzymes to catalyze chemical reactions. DNA is the genetic material inside cells. Polysaccharides Polymers comprising sugar monomers (also called saccharides) are called polysaccharides. For example, the natural polymer cellulose provides most of the structure of plants. The monomer of cellulose is glucose, a sugar. Wood, paper, cotton, and flax are all composed of cellulose fibres. Figure 2.25A gives a close-up look at cellulose fibres. Figure 2.25B shows part of a cellulose polymer. Starch, the energy storage unit in plants, shown in Figure 2.26, is also a Humans can digest starch, but they cannot digest cellulose. What is the difference polysaccharide. between these polymers? The orientation of individual glucose monomers differs in the two polymers. In cellulose the glucose monomers form beta linkages and in starch the glucose monomers form alpha linkages. The difference between the two linkages is difficult to visualize in a two-dimensional sketch, but chemists have agreed on a convention for drawing the alpha and beta linkages. In the beta linkage, the bond from the carbon atom to the oxygen atom is drawn upward, as shown by the red arrows in the cellulose in Figure 2.25A. In the alpha linkage, the bond from the carbon atom to the oxygen atom is drawn downward, as shown by the red arrows in the starch in Figure 2.26. cellulose A H HO CH₂OH H H HO H H OH H H H HO- OH H Figure 2.25 (A) Cellulose is the main structural fibre in plants and makes up the fibre in our diet. Red arrows point to beta linkages. (B) Cellulose forms fibres that can be viewed through a scanning electron microscope. OH/ H H HO -H H 0 Enzymes in our bodies recognize and break down the alpha linkages in a starch molecule. However, animals, including human beings, have no enzymes that recognize the beta linkages. Thus, cellulose passes through our system. However, some animals, such as cows and termites, are host to bacteria that can digest beta linkages. In this manner, these animals can gain nutrients from cellulose. H Starch also differs from cellulose in that it can have branched chains. Straight-chain starch is called amylose and branched-chain starch is called amylopectin. After about every 24 to 30 glucose monomers in amylopectin, there is a branch such as the one in Figure 2.26. Glycogen, a third glucose polymer, is the energy storage unit in animals. Like starch, glycogen has an alpha linkage, so it can also be digested by humans. However, glycogen differs from starch in that it has many more branches. Glycogen branches at about every 8 to 12 glucose units. This extensive branching creates many free ends that allow enzymes to act on the glycogen polymer at many points simultaneously, thus increasing the rate at which glucose can be released from storage. H CH₂OH H CH₂OH CH₂OH H starch H H OH H HO- H CH₂OH OH/ H H HO- H -H H CH₂OH OH H H H HO- O H H CH₂ H H H Figure 2.26 The bonds between glucose monomers in starch can be broken by enzymes in the digestive systems of animals. Arrows point to alpha linkages. OH H B 0- magnification: unknown Chapter 2 Reactions of Organic Compound
Activity 2.2 Polystyrene is found in many products because it is lightweight, a good insulator, and inexpensive. It is used to make insulation for houses and cups that keep beverages hot or cold as well as in shipping materials. However, the manufacture of polystyrene requires hazardous chemicals and also uses petroleum, a non-renewable resource. Environmentally friendly Alte Materials • reference books computers with Internet access Procedure 1. Research polystyrene in order to better understand what it is and how it is made. Use the questions below to guide your research. What is the chemical structure of polystyrene and what is the chemical reaction for the production of polystyrene? • What properties of polystyrene make it hazardous to the environment? . What is the environmental impact of polystyrene on the environment through its manufacture, use, and disposal? Learning Check 19. Identify and describe the chemical process used to convert petroleum into petrochemicals. 20. Why do manufacturers want to convert the components in petroleum into petrochemicals? 21. Use a graphic organizer to show the steps involved in converting ethene into PVC. • What is the impact of polystyrene on human health? 2. Find out how is polystyrene recycled. Are there industries in your community or in Ontario that recycle 3. Research alternatives that are available that could be used instead of polystyrene. Questions 1. Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of the use of polystyrene. 2. Construct a table to show the advantages and disadvantages associated with recycling polystyrene. 124 MHR-Unit 1 Organic Chemistry 3. Identify the advantages and disadvantages of the alternatives to polystyrenes. 4. Hold a debate in your class about whether or not the use of polystyrene should be banned in your community. Invite other classes to view the debate and judge the winners. 22. List the advantages and disadvantages to producing PVC. 23. What are dioxins? 24. Identify two ways you can reduce the amount of plastic waste generated in your home. Natural Polymers Natural polymers are found in almost every living system. Natural polymers include polysaccharides, proteins, and DNA. Polysaccharides, such as starch, are made up of sugar monomers and broken down to release energy by living things. Proteins are used by living things to build muscle and connective tissues and as enzymes to catalyze chemical reactions. DNA is the genetic material inside cells. Polysaccharides Polymers comprising sugar monomers (also called saccharides) are called polysaccharides. For example, the natural polymer cellulose provides most of the structure of plants. The monomer of cellulose is glucose, a sugar. Wood, paper, cotton, and flax are all composed of cellulose fibres. Figure 2.25A gives a close-up look at cellulose fibres. Figure 2.25B shows part of a cellulose polymer. Starch, the energy storage unit in plants, shown in Figure 2.26, is also a Humans can digest starch, but they cannot digest cellulose. What is the difference polysaccharide. between these polymers? The orientation of individual glucose monomers differs in the two polymers. In cellulose the glucose monomers form beta linkages and in starch the glucose monomers form alpha linkages. The difference between the two linkages is difficult to visualize in a two-dimensional sketch, but chemists have agreed on a convention for drawing the alpha and beta linkages. In the beta linkage, the bond from the carbon atom to the oxygen atom is drawn upward, as shown by the red arrows in the cellulose in Figure 2.25A. In the alpha linkage, the bond from the carbon atom to the oxygen atom is drawn downward, as shown by the red arrows in the starch in Figure 2.26. cellulose A H HO CH₂OH H H HO H H OH H H H HO- OH H Figure 2.25 (A) Cellulose is the main structural fibre in plants and makes up the fibre in our diet. Red arrows point to beta linkages. (B) Cellulose forms fibres that can be viewed through a scanning electron microscope. OH/ H H HO -H H 0 Enzymes in our bodies recognize and break down the alpha linkages in a starch molecule. However, animals, including human beings, have no enzymes that recognize the beta linkages. Thus, cellulose passes through our system. However, some animals, such as cows and termites, are host to bacteria that can digest beta linkages. In this manner, these animals can gain nutrients from cellulose. H Starch also differs from cellulose in that it can have branched chains. Straight-chain starch is called amylose and branched-chain starch is called amylopectin. After about every 24 to 30 glucose monomers in amylopectin, there is a branch such as the one in Figure 2.26. Glycogen, a third glucose polymer, is the energy storage unit in animals. Like starch, glycogen has an alpha linkage, so it can also be digested by humans. However, glycogen differs from starch in that it has many more branches. Glycogen branches at about every 8 to 12 glucose units. This extensive branching creates many free ends that allow enzymes to act on the glycogen polymer at many points simultaneously, thus increasing the rate at which glucose can be released from storage. H CH₂OH H CH₂OH CH₂OH H starch H H OH H HO- H CH₂OH OH/ H H HO- H -H H CH₂OH OH H H H HO- O H H CH₂ H H H Figure 2.26 The bonds between glucose monomers in starch can be broken by enzymes in the digestive systems of animals. Arrows point to alpha linkages. OH H B 0- magnification: unknown Chapter 2 Reactions of Organic Compound
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Transcribed Image Text:Activity 2.2 Polystyrene is found in many products because it is lightweight, a good insulator, and inexpensive. It is used to make insulation for houses and cups that keep beverages hot or cold as well as in shipping materials. However, the manufacture of polystyrene requires hazardous chemicals and also uses petroleum, a non-renewable resource. Environmentally friendly Alte Materials • reference books computers with Internet access Procedure 1. Research polystyrene in order to better understand what it is and how it is made. Use the questions below to guide your research. What is the chemical structure of polystyrene and what is the chemical reaction for the production of polystyrene? • What properties of polystyrene make it hazardous to the environment? . What is the environmental impact of polystyrene on the environment through its manufacture, use, and disposal? Learning Check 19. Identify and describe the chemical process used to convert petroleum into petrochemicals. 20. Why do manufacturers want to convert the components in petroleum into petrochemicals? 21. Use a graphic organizer to show the steps involved in converting ethene into PVC. • What is the impact of polystyrene on human health? 2. Find out how is polystyrene recycled. Are there industries in your community or in Ontario that recycle 3. Research alternatives that are available that could be used instead of polystyrene. Questions 1. Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of the use of polystyrene. 2. Construct a table to show the advantages and disadvantages associated with recycling polystyrene. 124 MHR-Unit 1 Organic Chemistry 3. Identify the advantages and disadvantages of the alternatives to polystyrenes. 4. Hold a debate in your class about whether or not the use of polystyrene should be banned in your community. Invite other classes to view the debate and judge the winners. 22. List the advantages and disadvantages to producing PVC. 23. What are dioxins? 24. Identify two ways you can reduce the amount of plastic waste generated in your home. Natural Polymers Natural polymers are found in almost every living system. Natural polymers include polysaccharides, proteins, and DNA. Polysaccharides, such as starch, are made up of sugar monomers and broken down to release energy by living things. Proteins are used by living things to build muscle and connective tissues and as enzymes to catalyze chemical reactions. DNA is the genetic material inside cells. Polysaccharides Polymers comprising sugar monomers (also called saccharides) are called polysaccharides. For example, the natural polymer cellulose provides most of the structure of plants. The monomer of cellulose is glucose, a sugar. Wood, paper, cotton, and flax are all composed of cellulose fibres. Figure 2.25A gives a close-up look at cellulose fibres. Figure 2.25B shows part of a cellulose polymer. Starch, the energy storage unit in plants, shown in Figure 2.26, is also a Humans can digest starch, but they cannot digest cellulose. What is the difference polysaccharide. between these polymers? The orientation of individual glucose monomers differs in the two polymers. In cellulose the glucose monomers form beta linkages and in starch the glucose monomers form alpha linkages. The difference between the two linkages is difficult to visualize in a two-dimensional sketch, but chemists have agreed on a convention for drawing the alpha and beta linkages. In the beta linkage, the bond from the carbon atom to the oxygen atom is drawn upward, as shown by the red arrows in the cellulose in Figure 2.25A. In the alpha linkage, the bond from the carbon atom to the oxygen atom is drawn downward, as shown by the red arrows in the starch in Figure 2.26. cellulose A H HO CH₂OH H H HO H H OH H H H HO- OH H Figure 2.25 (A) Cellulose is the main structural fibre in plants and makes up the fibre in our diet. Red arrows point to beta linkages. (B) Cellulose forms fibres that can be viewed through a scanning electron microscope. OH/ H H HO -H H 0 Enzymes in our bodies recognize and break down the alpha linkages in a starch molecule. However, animals, including human beings, have no enzymes that recognize the beta linkages. Thus, cellulose passes through our system. However, some animals, such as cows and termites, are host to bacteria that can digest beta linkages. In this manner, these animals can gain nutrients from cellulose. H Starch also differs from cellulose in that it can have branched chains. Straight-chain starch is called amylose and branched-chain starch is called amylopectin. After about every 24 to 30 glucose monomers in amylopectin, there is a branch such as the one in Figure 2.26. Glycogen, a third glucose polymer, is the energy storage unit in animals. Like starch, glycogen has an alpha linkage, so it can also be digested by humans. However, glycogen differs from starch in that it has many more branches. Glycogen branches at about every 8 to 12 glucose units. This extensive branching creates many free ends that allow enzymes to act on the glycogen polymer at many points simultaneously, thus increasing the rate at which glucose can be released from storage. H CH₂OH H CH₂OH CH₂OH H starch H H OH H HO- H CH₂OH OH/ H H HO- H -H H CH₂OH OH H H H HO- O H H CH₂ H H H Figure 2.26 The bonds between glucose monomers in starch can be broken by enzymes in the digestive systems of animals. Arrows point to alpha linkages. OH H B 0- magnification: unknown Chapter 2 Reactions of Organic Compound
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