
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780134580999
Author: Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher: PEARSON
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Question
Pathogen A has an ID50 of 10 cells and an LD50 of 10,000,000 cells. Pathogen B has an ID50 of 10,000 cells and an LD50 of 20,000 cells. From this information, we can determine that:
○ Pathogen A has higher infectivity but lower virulence than Pathogen B.
○ Pathogen A has lower infectivity but higher virulence than Pathogen B.
○ Pathogen B has higher infectivity but lower virulence than Pathogen A.
○ Pathogen B has higher infectivity and higher virulence than Pathogen A.
Expert Solution

This question has been solved!
Explore an expertly crafted, step-by-step solution for a thorough understanding of key concepts.
This is a popular solution
Trending nowThis is a popular solution!
Step by stepSolved in 2 steps

Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Pathogens have a variety of traits that interact with a host and enable the pathogen to enter a host, adhere to host cells, gain access to nutrients, and escape detection or removal by the immune system. These traits are called virulence factors. The following enzymes and toxin can act as virulence factors and contribute to bacteria’s pathogenicity. What are the specific actions of the following enzymes and toxin that make them virulence factors? Coagulase Kinase (such as staphylokinases and streptokinases) Hyaluronidase Collagenase Cytotoxinarrow_forwardExplain why some pathogens evolve greater levels of virulence under the Trade-off hypothesis. What kind of selection is this an example of and why?arrow_forwardcan you explain why Bacillus anthracis can be pathogenic in a mouse and not be fought off by the immune system? I need help finding the answer in the article and explain in short answer link to article: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC106848/arrow_forward
- if a particular disease occurs in humans in occasional, isolated, sporadic cases, but most of the time no one is ill, what does this suggest about the likely reservoir of such a disease?arrow_forwardUse this for the next three questions: In two communities of similar size and age structure (A and B), there were outbreaks of viral illnesses (Virus A in community A, and Virus B in community B), both of which were traced back to a single source. Exposure to these viruses in each community confers permanent immunity. In community A, 200 susceptible people were exposed to an index case, 150 people were infected (not including the index case), 75 people became ill, and 40 people died. In community B, pathogenicity was 40%, infectivity was 90%, and virulence was 60%. Choose the best response:Which virus had the greatest infectivity?arrow_forwardUse this for the next three questions: In two communities of similar size and age structure (A and B), there were outbreaks of viral illnesses (Virus A in community A, and Virus B in community B), both of which were traced back to a single source. Exposure to these viruses in each community confers permanent immunity. In community A, 200 susceptible people were exposed to an index case, 150 people were infected (not including the index case), 75 people became ill, and 40 people died. In community B, pathogenicity was 40%, infectivity was 90%, and virulence was 60%. Use this for the next three questions: In two communities of similar size and age structure (A and B), there were outbreaks of viral illnesses (Virus A in community A, and Virus B in community B), both of which were traced back to a single source. Exposure to these viruses in each community confers permanent immunity. In community A, 200 susceptible people were exposed to an index case, 150 people were infected (not…arrow_forward
- Poison oak and poison ivy, which involve a CD8 cell response, are examples of what type of hypersensitivity reaction? O 1) 1 O 2) |I O 3) II O 4) IVarrow_forwardWhich of the following statements is correct? a. Serial interval is the length of time a person can transmit or shed an infectious agent b. Contamination of the drinking water source of a community by infectious agent(s) will likely result in a continuous common source epidemic c. It is not possible for people who have not shown symptoms of measles yet, to transmit measles infection d. Mary Mallon was a chronic carrier of Vibrio choleraearrow_forwardTwo newly developed vaccine candidates (A and B) are tested in mice for their ability to elicit high concentrations of anti-meningococcal antibodies that would provide mucosal as well as bloodstream protection. Also, the ideal candidate vaccine should also provide long-lasting immunity to the infection. The figure below shows the responses to a primary, followed by a secondary immunization to each of the two candidate vaccines. a) Which candidate vaccine elicits the preferred response? What are the three aspects of the preferred response that make it the candidate vaccine of choice? b) What is the likely composition of each vaccine and what evidence from the information above are used to lead to your conclusions? c) To confirm the choice of the preferred candidate vaccine, what type of additional information from the vaccine trials in mice shown above would support this conclusion? Name two additional features of the secondary antibody response to each candidate vaccine that could be…arrow_forward
- MRSA (methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus bacteria) infections are becoming more common as the prescribing of antibiotics increases. (a) is the DQ for the routine use of antibiotics to treat sore throats high or low? Justify your answer briefly. (b) How does this DQ differ from the DQ for the use of antibiotics to treat influenza (higher or lower)? Justify your answer briefly.arrow_forwardEach year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention publish a schedule of recommended vaccinations for infants, children, adolescents, and adults. Parents may refuse recommended vaccinations for their infant, child, or adolescent based on religious or philosophical beliefs or fears regarding the safety of vaccines. What ethical principles need to be considered when dealing with patients and their families who refuse recommended vaccines? How would you approach a parent who refuses the recommended vaccines for their 2-month old infant due to the fear that vaccines can cause autism?arrow_forwardThe equation for R0 of a pathogen transmitted by density-dependent mode of transmission is: R0 = β S/ y Calculate R0 for a system witH β = 0.002, S = 500, and y = 0.2. Additionally, derive the expression for the Threshold Density of susceptibles and calculate its value given the parameter values above. Please show steps.arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
- Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)BiologyISBN:9780134580999Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. HoehnPublisher:PEARSONBiology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStaxAnatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781259398629Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa StouterPublisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
- Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)BiologyISBN:9780815344322Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter WalterPublisher:W. W. Norton & CompanyLaboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781260159363Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, CynthiaPublisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)BiologyISBN:9781260231700Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael WindelspechtPublisher:McGraw Hill Education

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Biology
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:PEARSON

Biology 2e
Biology
ISBN:9781947172517
Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark
Publisher:OpenStax

Anatomy & Physiology
Biology
ISBN:9781259398629
Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa Stouter
Publisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,

Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)
Biology
ISBN:9780815344322
Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter
Publisher:W. W. Norton & Company

Laboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & Physiology
Biology
ISBN:9781260159363
Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, Cynthia
Publisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.

Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)
Biology
ISBN:9781260231700
Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael Windelspecht
Publisher:McGraw Hill Education