Part B: In the United States, the relative risk of a woman getting multiple sclerosis (MS) compared to a man is 2.82. multiplesclerosisnewstoday.com/2017/11/20/nearly-1-million-americans-have-multiple-sclerosis-nmss-prevalem finds

You conducted a study to assess the effect of smoking on systolic blood pressure. The results showed that there was a significant association between the two variables, with an odds ratio of 1.5. Explain this finding to someone who has no background in epidemiologic research.

Please read the passage on Teens Cigarette and then answer the questions carefully to get the correct answers.

Pregnant women are screened for a birth defect called Down syndrome. Down syndrome babies are mentally and physically challenged. Some mothers choose to abort the fetus when they are certain that their baby will be born with the syndrome. The most common screening is maternal serum screening, a blood test that looks for markers in the blood to indicate whether the birth defect may occur. The false-positive and false-negative rates vary according to the age of the mother.  Mother’s Age    False-Positive Rate    False-Negative RateUnder 30    0.040    0.37630-34    0.082    0.29035-37    0.178    0.269Over 38    0.343    0.029 The probability that a baby has Down syndrome is primarily a function of the mother’s age. The probabilities are listed here. Age    Probability of Down Syndrome25    1/130030    1/90035    1/35040    1/10045    1/2549    1/12 For each of the age 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 and 49, determine the probability of Down syndrome if the maternity serum screening produces a…

Please read the passage on Antibiotics in Infancy and then answer the questions carefully to get the correct answers.

How does an observed sample mean qualify as a rare outcome?

What does rare outcomes signifies?

What does statistically significance indicates?

What chart will be best to display Risk factors comparison in men and women?

Traditional statistics (means, variances, and hypothesis tests) are not used to evaluate the results from a single-case study. Explain how the results are evaluated.