On Old McDonald’s Farm, the herd of cows started behaving oddly after a new batch of feed arrived; the cows were less interested in grazing and lay around happily or played in the shade instead. After sacrificing a couple animals to sell at the market, Old McDonald froze the cow brains and sent them to his colleague for analysis with a description of the cows’ behaviour. Laboratory analyses revealed increased levels of dopamine in the brain’s reward centre. Propose an experiment (or series of experiments) to determine which mechanism(s) may be at work.

Based on the evidence from recordings of single neurons in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex in rodents by Nobel Laureates John O'Keefe, May-Brit Moser and Edvard Moser, one would predict that patients like H.M. (whose bilateral medial temporal lobes were removed) would have problems with Short-term memory   Semantic memory   Spatial memory   Object memory   Face memory

Briefly describe our brain's mesolimbic dopamine system. (A) Which brain structures are involved in this system? (B) What type of behavior does it regulate? (C) Even though social media (or video games and the like) isn't something ingested, do you think this system is involved in our social media behavior? Or do you think something else is involved? Please provide a brief, but specific response. Answer as much as you can please!!!!!!! Thank you!!!!!!

A researcher wishes to determine if vitamin E supplements could increase cognitive ability among elderly women. In 1999 the researcher recruits a sample of elderly women age 75-80. At the time of the enrollment into the study, the women were randomized to either take Vitamin E, or a placebo for six months. At the end of the six month period, the women were given a cognition test. Higher scores on this test indicate better cognition. The mean and standard deviation of the test scores of 81 women who took vitamin E supplements was 27 and 6.9 respectively. The mean and standard deviation of the test scores of the 90 women who took placebo supplements was 24 and 6.2, respectively.C Computea 95% confidence interval for the mean difference in cognition test scores between Vitamin E and placebo group.

Long-term stress and sleep deprivation is associated with memory loss and negative thoughts.Subjects in a research study were shown images after they received either a full night’s rest or limited rest. The subjects were shown negative, positive, and neutral images. The subjects with limited rest remembered most of the negative images but only half of the positive and neutral images.The structures of the brain affected by long-term stress and sleep deprivation are, respectively: Select one: a. Long-Term Stress Sleep Deprivation Temporal lobe Frontal lobe b. Long-Term Stress Sleep Deprivation Temporal lobe Parietal lobe c. Long-Term Stress Sleep Deprivation Frontal lobe Occipital lobe d. Long-Term Stress Sleep Deprivation Frontal lobe Parietal lobe

At high doses of stimulants, people who abuse stimulants may exhibit behaviors that mimic schizophrenia. How would you describe the behaviors they exhibit?. What changes neurochemically may be the cause of these behaviors?

The reward pathway is a neuronal pathway implicated in addiction to recreational drugs. Explain the role of the reward pathway in behaviour related to reward and motivation and discuss the anatomical regions and molecular and cellular pathways involved. Explain how the reward pathway is involved in drug addiction and give examples of experimental approaches that are being used to study drug addiction. Use figures and diagrams to illustrate your answer. (This is a neuroscience question)

The den network of fibers that connect the two hemispheres is called the corpus Callosum. Much of what we know about the difference between the left and right hemispheres came from the study of patients with a severe form of epilepsy. To help control the number, duration, and intensity of the epileptic seizures, The corpus callosum was cut. By studying these individuals, Roger Sperry and others learned that the two hemispheres are specialized for different types of task and different modes of thought. Which hemisphere and most people would be better at putting together a puzzle? A. Neither- this is better controlled by the cerebellum B. Both are equally good at this task C. Left D. Right

Researchers investigating the effect of exercise on cognitive functions conducted a con- trolled experiment in which rats were randomly assigned to sedentary (Sed), low-intensity exercise (Low-Ex), or high-intensity exercise (High-Ex) groups. During this exercise regi- ment, rats were also trained to navigate a specialized water maze, and their escape la tency, the time it took them to escape the maze, was recorded. The results of this experi- ment are depicted in the figure below. escape latency (sec) 100 80 60- 40- 20 0- day 10 day 11 Escape latencies during the training phase Based on the data above, day 12 (b) Identify the control group in the experiment. sed -- low-ex -- high-ex (a) Identify the dependent and independent variables in the experiment. day 13 Respond to each part in 3 to 4 complete sentences. (c) Compare the effects of low-intensity and high-intensity exercise on the rats' cognitive func- tion during the training period.

Studies have shown that individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may have lower than normal amounts of dopamine and norepinephrine excitatory neurotransmitters in their synapses. Methylphenidate is one of the drugs prescribed to individuals with ADHD. It prevents the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine neurotransmitters from the synapses, thereby keeping these neurotransmitters in the synapses longer. Which of the following rows correctly identify the effects of methylphenidate in individuals with ADHD? Select one: a. There is an increase in the permeability of the presynaptic neuron to potassium ions. b. There is a increase in the permeability of the postsynaptic neuron to potassium ions. c. There is an increase in the permeability of the presynaptic neuron to sodium ions. d. There is a increase in the permeability of the postsynaptic neuron to sodium ions.