Assume that you have measured heart rate, ventilation rate and volume, oxygen consumption,and carbon dioxide production during exercise. In principle, the rate of oxygen consumption(VO2) reflects the difference in oxygen between inspired air and expired air; note that forsimplicity, V here refers to rate (and should have a dot over it) and not volume. The volume ofoxygen consumed equals the volume of air times the percent of air comprised of oxygen. Therate of oxygen consumption takes time into account.However, because temperature, pressure, and water vapor affect air volumes, measured airvolumes are not all comparable to one another; to be comparable, they need to be corrected to acommon set of conditions, such as STPD (standard temperature and pressure, dry). In simplifiedform, the equation for oxygen consumption is:VO2 = VESTPD (FIO2 - FEO2)where VE = the rate of expired air (volume/time), FIO₂ = fractional concentration of inspiredoxygen, and FEO2 = fractional concentration of expired oxygen. FIO2 is constant in outside air(approximately 0.2093). So:VO2 = VESTPD (0.2093 - FEO2).The formula for correcting VE to STPD is:VESTPD = (VEATPS / time) × ((Pb-PH20)/760) × (273/(273+ Ta))where VEATPS is the volume of expired air saturated and at ambient temperature and pressure, Pbis the barometric pressure, PH20 is the saturated water vapor pressure, 760 is the designatedstandard pressure (in mm Hg), 273 is degrees K, and Ta is ambient temperature in degrees C.Units are not shown here for simplicity.From these equations for VO2, it should be apparent that oxygen consumption is dependenton ventilation rate (VE) and oxygen extraction by the lungs (FIO2 - FEO2).Now use the equations above and the empirical values below to calculate VO₂ (the rate ofoxygen consumption). Be sure to show your calculations, including the units. Check that theunits are right (it's easier than it might seem).VEATPS = 53.7 LTime interval = 1 minPb = 767 mm HgPH20 19.8 mm HgTa = 22°CFEO₂ = 0.163

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Answered: Now use the equations above and the…

Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap Course List)

9th Edition

ISBN:9781285866932

Author:Lauralee Sherwood

Publisher:Lauralee Sherwood

Chapter13: The Respiratory System

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 2SQE

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Messner and Habeler's 1978 ascent of Mount Everest without oxygen-breathing apparatus is often described as one of the most remarkable physical accomplishments achieved by humans. Table 1 shows respiratory gas and arterial pH values measured in a resting mountaineer at sea level, Everest base camp and Everest summit. Use the differences in these values to explain how breathing regulation changes when at rest at the 3 altitudes indicated. Calculations are not required but you may wish to consider the role of central and peripheral chemoreceptors and their relationship to paCO,, minute ventilation and alveolar pO, in your response. Table 1: Respiratory gas composition and arterial pH measured in a resting mountaineer at sea-level, Everest base-camp and Everest summit. Arterial Barometric Alveolar Inspíred p02 (FIO2) pO2 (PAO2) pCO2 (расо2) Altitude Pressure Arterial (m) pH mmHg mmHg mmHg mmHg Sea Level 760 150 106 36 7.4 Everest Base 5,400 404 75 51 20.4 7.6 Camp Everest 8,848 252 43 34…
Mechanical ventilation is indicated when the patient's spontaneous ventilation is inadequate to sustain life by hooking the patient into a mechanical ventilator. It provides breathing support until lung function is restored, delivering warm (body temperature 37° C [98.6° F]), 100% humidified oxygen at FiO2 levels between 21% to 100%. 1. Discuss the process how does positive-pressure ventilator deliver air to the lungs? List 3 risks or complications of patient who is hooked in mechanical ventilator and discuss how it is even possible.
In a study of O2 uptake by muscle at high altitude, a physiologist prepares an atmosphere consisting of 79 mole % N2, 17 mole % 16O2, and 4.0 mole % 18O2. (The isotope 18O will be measured to determine O2 uptake.) The total pressure is 0.75 atm to simulate high altitude. Calculate the mole fraction and partial pressure of 18O2 in the mixture.
Using the information below, calculate the Oxygen Diffusion Driving Force (mmHg), which is the pressure gradient that drives O₂ out of the alveoli and into the blood (calculated as PAO₂- PVO₂): Barometric Pressure at Salt Lake City, UT= 4,226 ft. (1,288 m)→→ 657 mmHg . Estimated mixed-venous PO2 of blood returning to the lungs after leaving the muscle (PvO₂) at rest, measured at Salt Lake City, UT: PvO2 = 36 mmHg O 90 mmHg O 54 mmHg O 36 mmHg O 29 mmHg
Oxygen uptake (Fick Equation) is determined by two variables. What are they and what do they represent
Several tablespoons of Vitamin C are placed in an empty bottle containing only air. The botle is then securely closed with an air-tight lid or cap. If the air contains 18.9 % oxygen by volume and the volume of the air in the bottle is 2.5 litres, how much Vitamin C will be consumed? Express your answer to the nearest milligram of Vitamin C (no decimal places and no decimal point) and do not include any units in your resonse. Note: The actual amount of Vitamin C placed in the bottle at the start is not important here. It just shows that there is an excess of Vitamin C present. The volume of the Vitamin C has no effect on the volume of the air in the bottle. We will also assume that the reaction proceeds until all the oxygen in the air is consumed.
In apparently healthy individuals (e.g., no COPD), between ventilation (Ve) and cardiac output (Q), it is the Ve that serves as the more significant limiter to one's maximal oxygen consumption. (Hint: think about the maximal ability to increase each value from rest to maximal exercise; how much can you increase your Ve vs. Q from rest to maximal exercise). True False
Given: Under normal circumstances the partial pressure of oxygen in air is approximately 160 mmHg. Let’s assume in the alveoli it drops to 100 mmHg when a person breaths 12x per minute. At the end of a 1-mile sprint a person is breathing 60x per minute, but, due to the decrease in the amount of time each breath spends in the lungs, the oxygen partial pressure is only drops to 140 mmHg before exhalation. a. How much has the amount of oxygen diffused through the alveoli increased or decreased? (Answer part a )
The total amount of oxygen per hour passing through the Respiratory membrane is equivalent to the total amount of oxygen per hour used by the body. Find the amount of oxygen in cm2 Oxygen/min.
The VD/VT is: (Select all that apply.) A modification of the Bohr equation Wasted ventilation Most commonly done to document deadspace in patients with pulmonary emboli Normally 20 to 40% in an adult
With COPD, there is a decreased air flow from the lungs. This coyly be caused by which of the following reasons? Select all that apply.
A forearm skeletal muscle has a hemoglobin concentration of 92 microM. An arterial occlusion of the upper arm determines a decrease in saturation at a rate of 15% per minute, and no change in blood volume. Find the muscle oxygen consumption in units of micromolo2/(100 mltissue-min).

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