normal adult. bladder capacity ranges from: 1.50 to 100 mL 2. 700 to 900 mL 3.200 to 300 mL 4.500 to 600 ml

When blood plasma pH gets too low kidneys can produce more HCO3- because: Multiple Choice   more HCO3- can be filtered by the glomerulus   less HCO3- is being reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule   less HCO3- can be filtered by the glomerulus   renal tubule cells can make more HCO3- from certain substrates

Match each clinical scenario to the most likely renal function. Each selection will be used ONCE. 1. Chronic Kidney Disease ONLY 2. Acute Kidney Injury ONLY 3. Acute on Chronic Kidney Disease (pre-existing CKD with concurrent AKI) 4. End-Stage Renal Disease A middle-aged patient with Type 1 DM has an Albumin-to- Creatinine urinary ratio (ACR) of 300 and a GFR of 47. Their serum creatinine is fairly close to their previous level. An otherwise healthy patient is admitted to the hospital for a traumatic injury resulting in massive blood loss. Their serum creatinine is very high compared to baseline. A patient whose baseline GFR is about 40 has received vancomycin antibiotic therapy for two weeks. Their serum creatinine is higher today than it was yesterday. A patient who has been diagnosed with CKD and albuminuria for several years has been told by their PCP that they need to start dialysis soon as they are experiencing significant fluid retention and hypertension despite taking loop…

Urine dilution by the loop of Henle is dependent on the length of the loop, being more diluted, the longer the loop. True or false

The left kidney lies slightly lower than the right kidney True False

To compensate for a change in pH due to hyperventilation which of the following will occur 1.  proximal convoluted tubular cells will decrease H+ secretion and HCO3- reabsorption 2. distal convoluted tubular cells will increase HCO3- reabosorption 3.  intercalated A cells will decrease H+ secretion and HCO3- reabsorption 4. intercalated  B cells will increase H+ secretion and HCO3- reabsorption 5. intercalated A cells will increase HCO3- secretion 6. intercalated B cells will increase HCO3- reabsorption choose from the following: (A) 1, 2, 3, and 6 (B) 2 and 5 (C) 1 and 3 (D) 6 only

Mehmet Yavuz is 62 yo. He presented to the clinic and after having an HbA1c test (result 9%) was diagnosed with type 2 Diabetes mellitus. His cardiovascular risk was > 15%  http://www.cvdcheck.org.au/ His renal health screen showed an eGFR 90 mL/min/1.73m2 with microalbuminuria of 3.5 mg/mmol.   http://www.kidney.org.au/HealthProfessionals/DetectingCKD/tabid/632/Default.aspx He attended a podiatry appointment which detected decreased dorsalis pedis and posterior tibialis pulses in both legs .         Management of his condition now includes the following: Exercise: at least 150 minutes of aerobic and 60 minutes of resistance exercise each week Diet: a plan worked out with an accredited dietician based on the Australian Dietary Guidelines (2013). Drug use: smoking cessation plan to stop cigarette use; alcohol consumption reduction to 1 - 2 full strength beers every second day Weight loss: Mehmet aims to lose 5 kg over the first 6 - 8 weeks after diagnosis Medications: Jardiamet…

Mehmet Yavuz is 62 yo. He presented to the clinic and after having an HbA1c test (result 9%) was diagnosed with type 2 Diabetes mellitus. His cardiovascular risk was > 15%  http://www.cvdcheck.org.au/ His renal health screen showed an eGFR 90 mL/min/1.73m2 with microalbuminuria of 3.5 mg/mmol.   http://www.kidney.org.au/HealthProfessionals/DetectingCKD/tabid/632/Default.aspx He attended a podiatry appointment which detected decreased dorsalis pedis and posterior tibialis pulses in both legs.  Management of his condition now includes the following: Exercise: at least 150 minutes of aerobic and 60 minutes of resistance exercise each week Diet: a plan worked out with an accredited dietician based on the Australian Dietary Guidelines (2013). Drug use: smoking cessation plan to stop cigarette use; alcohol consumption reduction to 1 - 2 full strength beers every second day Weight loss: Mehmet aims to lose 5 kg over the first 6 - 8 weeks after diagnosis Medications: Jardiamet…

Tab. 2. Morphological changes in the case of damage to the epithelial cells of the renal tubules (H&E micropreparations and electronograms) I. Normal epithelium of renal tubules Mark the corresponding elements in all the pictures: 1 - lumen of renal tubules 2 - nephrocyte nuclei 3- cytoplasm of nephrocytes 4- eosinophilia of the cytoplasm of nephrocytes 5- granules in the cytoplasm of nephrocytes II. Describe the morphological changes: III. Describe the morphological changes:

Mehmet Yavuz is 62 yo. He presented to the clinic and after having an HbA1c test (result 9%) was diagnosed with type 2 Diabetes mellitus. His cardiovascular risk was > 15%  http://www.cvdcheck.org.au/ His renal health screen showed an eGFR 90 mL/min/1.73m2 with microalbuminuria of 3.5 mg/mmol.   http://www.kidney.org.au/HealthProfessionals/DetectingCKD/tabid/632/Default.aspx He attended a podiatry appointment which detected decreased dorsalis pedis and posterior tibialis pulses in both legs.  Management of his condition now includes the following: Exercise: at least 150 minutes of aerobic and 60 minutes of resistance exercise each week Diet: a plan worked out with an accredited dietician based on the Australian Dietary Guidelines (2013). Drug use: smoking cessation plan to stop cigarette use; alcohol consumption reduction to 1 - 2 full strength beers every second day Weight loss: Mehmet aims to lose 5 kg over the first 6 - 8 weeks after diagnosis Medications: Jardiamet…