Part of the Ras protein is associated with the plasma membrane, and part extends into the cytoplasm. How does the Ras protein transmit a signal from outside the cell into the cytoplasm? What happens in cases where the ras gene is mutated?

How does the Ras-mediated MAPK pathway influence gene expression? (Analogous to a signaling system) (cell signaling book)

What role does an operator sequence serve in bacterial gene expression regulation? Describe one change in bacterial cells that can cause a repressor protein to go from inactive to active or from active to inactive.

List the three 'effector' signaling pathways activated by the Ras protein.

Regarding noncoding RNA, which of the following statements is false?   HOTAIR RNA works as a scaffold that binds specific protein regulators at its two ends.   Many long noncoding RNAs work in epigenetic regulation of gene expression.   Most regulatory long noncoding RNAs work as trans-acting regulators.   HOTAIR RNA is produced by a gene in the HOXC homeobox gene cluster at 12q13 but can regulate multiple genes within the HOXD gene cluster on chromosome 2.   Noncoding RNAs are mostly involved in translation processes.

What is a second messenger? What are two second messengers that are involved in signaling pathways downstream of GPCRs and explain how they are produced? long answer: If you wanted to compare a cardiac muscle cell with a skeletal muscle, how could you use RNA sequencing to identify genes that are differentially expressed? In your answer, explain this technique and describe what type of information you can learn from it. If RNA sequencing led to the identification of two genes, gene X and gene Y, what are two experiments you could do to study the functions of these two genes?

What are two specific and different ways that neurotransmitter signaling at the membrane alters gene expression in the nucleus?

CD3 is a signaling protein that is typically found only in the plasma membrane of immune system T lymphocytes. CD3 is composed of several different polypeptides, including a gamma chain, CD3γ. Scientists analyzed the promoter of the CD3γ chain gene for regulatory sequences that might have positive or negative effects on expression of the gene. The scientists cloned fragments of the CD3γ gene that included the first transcribed nucleotides plus up to 789 nucleotides of upstream regulatory sequences into plasmids in which the gene for the firefly enzyme luciferase immediately follows the fragments. The plasmids were then introduced into a line of T lymphocytes (Figure 1), and the cells were allowed to grow for a short while. Because the regulatory sequences of the CD3γ gene immediately precede the luciferase gene in the plasmids, the activity, either positive or negative, of the regulatory sequences affected the amount of luciferase gene expression by the T lymphocytes. Luciferase…