Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the most dangerous organisms that can be encountered in the health care setting. MRSA is often resistant to more than one antibiotic. 1. What does it mean to say that S. aureus is resistant to methicillin? 2. What antibiotic would you choose to combat this micro-organism? 3. What are some clinical consequences for the patient infected with MRSA?

A group of researchers wanted to evaluate the effectiveness of mask-wearing, handwashing, social distancing, and other personal protective measures in preventing COVID-19 infections They recruited two groups of participants. Those in group 1 tested positive for COVID-19, whereas those in group 2 tested negative for COVID-19. Each of the participants in each group had a history of recent contact with someone who was confirmed COVID-19 positive . Thereafter, participants in each group were asked whether they wore a face mask, the type of mask, and the frequency of wearing a mask; whether and how frequently they practiced handwashing; and whether they complied with social distancing guidelines. The above describes which of the following epidemiological study designs ?   a. Cohort study   b. Descriptive study   c. Cross-sectional study   d. Case-control study

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which of the following antibiotics is not bactericidal? a. vancomycin b.polymyxin b c. penicillin d. cephalosporins e. tetracycline

Assume you work at the local hospital in your home town.  Suddenly you notice that 10% of your patients are having serious staphylococcal infections.  None of these patients were admitted for having a staphylococcal infection, and we assume that all standard infectious control procedures are being followed (hand washing, use of gloves and masks, etc.).  Remember that a small percentage of bacteria do evade even the most scrupulous of infectious disease control procedures.  How could you use what you have learned in this week’s laboratory to solve the problem? How could you find out where the infection originated?  What steps would you need to take? How could you determine definitively what organism is causing these patients’ infections?   How could you determine how to treat these patients?  Once you determine the source of the infection, what ethical issues, if any, are involved here?  What should you do to protect the privacy and welfare of the patients as well as avoiding conduct…

A. What is Pasteur’s “Germ Theory of Disease?. How did he discover this principle?  B. What major obstacle did he have to overcome (A philosophical concept) to establish the validity of the theory.

1. What is hemicraniectomy? 2. Discuss the disease or the condition on the case presented: (see pictures for more details), includes the definition, epidemiology, signs and symptoms, treatment and management.   Thank you so much!

The presence of Aspergillus flavus in an immunocompromised patient is cause for great concern for the medical team. What term is used for an infection caused by a pathogen which affects patients who are already weakened, but not healthy persons ?

A patient has bloody diarrehea and takes left  over penicllin in a medicne cabinet. The culprit causing the infection turns out to be E. coli of a hemorrahgic variety that is Penicllin resistant. Why is the patient is worse condition now?

Infection rates for many STIs continue to be highest among young people (typically defined as around 15–24 years old). What are some reasons for this? What would you recommend to increase prevention or encourage testing or treatment among this group?