Metabolic pathways frequently contain reactions with positive standard free-energy values, yet the reactions still take place. How is this possible?

Q: c) If you were to completely catabolize 3 molecules of glucose under aerobic conditions, what would…

A: Complete catabolism of Glucose includes Glycolysis, TCA cycle and ETC. Glycolysis of single molecule…

Q: The conversion of substance X to substance Y is an endergonic reaction, but it can be driven if…

A: An endergonic reaction is a reaction in which energy is absorbed. This means that the net change in…

Q: Gastric juice (pH 1.5) is produced by pumping HCl from blood plasma (pH 7.4) into the stomach.…

A: The Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the nucleotide as the molecular currency of intracellular energy…

Q: What is the standard free-energy change, ∆G°, under physiological conditions(E. coli grows in the…

A: Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate. The free energy released in…

Q: Determine the direction that each of the reactions will progress. Assume that the reactants and…

A: Since conditions inside the cell are different than standard temperature and pressure, biochemists…

Q: Is there a difference between the initial and the final energy levels in catalyzed and non-catalyzed…

A: Catalyzed reactions are usually used to accelerate the rate of a chemical reaction by the action of…

Q: Calculate the value of AG, if the value of AH is +1200 Kcal/mol, AS is +60 Kcal/mol, and the…

A: To find the Gibbs free energy change (ΔG) using the given values, we use the Gibbs free energy…

Q: Many metabolites are maintained at steady-state concentrations that are far from equilibrium. A…

A: Free energy of Gibb's free energy indicates the portion of the total energy of a system that is…

Q: Why does metabolism not grind to a halt when an endergonic reaction occurs within a pathway?

A: The biological process that involves the conversion of absorbed food nutrients to energy by the…

Q: Most glucose in the human diet comes from plants. Unlike humans, plants transport sucrose instead of…

A: The reaction is in equilibrium if the forward and backward reaction is balanced.

Q: a) Which of these contration of all substrates and enzymesed state of a biological system? a) There…

A: The term "standard conditions" in biology typically refers to a set of reference conditions that are…

Q: The formation of glutamine from glutamate and ammonium ions requires 14.2 kJ mol-1 of energy input.…

A: Since you have asked multiple questions, we will solve the first two sub parts for you. If you want…

Q: The phosphorylation of glucose is an unfavorable reaction, with ΔG°’ = 13.8 kJ/mol. We can couple…

A: For (a) part of the question, We know that the phosphorylation of glucose is the first step of…

Q: What is metabolic coupling?

A: There are several types of biochemical reactions happening inside every living cell and every living…

Q: How many ATP’s are formed in the process phosphoglyceraldehyde also known as PGAL?

A: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is often abbreviated as PGAL, GAP etc. It is an intermediate of the…

Q: Briefly explain the concept of coupled reactions.

A: A chemical reaction having a common intermediate in which energy is transferred from one side of the…

Q: An enzyme has a single active site at which it can bind and hydrolyze either X or Y; however, the…

A: Enzymes are high molecular-weight proteins that catalyse biochemical reactions. They contain an…

Q: Consider two enzymes catalyzing two reactions (A --> B --> C ) in a metabolic cascade with their…

A: Ans) The order of concentration of A, B, C are in order [C] > [A] > [B] Explanation:  The…

Q: Which of the following is NOT a reason that ATP is generally used as the activated carrier of…

A: Introduction :- Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the source of energy at the cellular level. ATP is a…

Q: For each of the metabolic transformations (a) through (d), determine whether the compound on the…

A: The biological oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction involves the transfer of electrons from one…

Q: Why do enzymes contain metals? What general reaction types to metalloenzymes catalyze?

A: Enzymes are biological catalysts proteinateous in nature that catalyze large number of biochemical…

Q: At what substrate concentration would an enzyme with a kcat of 25.0 s-1 and a KM of 3.5 mM operate…

A: This answer provides a detailed explanation of how to calculate the substrate concentration at which…

Q: what is the cost the cost in total d carbon chain stearic acid?

A: Fatty Acid Oxidation (Beta-oxidation) To generate energy from fatty acids, they must be oxidized.…

Q: Are enzyme-catalyzed reactions examples of homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysis?

A: Homogenous catalysis refers to a catalytic system in which the catalysts and the substances are in…

Q: What terms would best describe the above coupled reaction? (If the DGo for ATP hydrolysis into ADP +…

A: The Gibbs free energy change determines whether a biochemical reaction is favorable or not. It…

Q: Discuss the composition of the transition state for the formation of ATP by ATP Synthase. a) Where…

A: The formation of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) from ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and inorganic…

Q: What is the molecular logic that makes a pathway with a number of comparatively small energy changes…

A: In biochemistry, the metabolic pathway are a series of chemical reactions occurring in a sequence…

Q: The ΔG°′ for hydrolytically removing a phosphoryl group from ATP is about twice as large as the ΔG°′…

A: Adenosine triphosphate is an organic compound and hydrotrope that provides energy to drive many…

Q: Draw the catalytic mechanism of the reaction catalyzed by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase…

A: Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is an enzyme that belongs to oxidoreductase class…

Q: The oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water is a major source of energy in aerobic organisms. It is a…

A: Cellular respiration is a catabolic pathway of the process of metabolism, where a series of chemical…

Q: Ç00 ÇH2OH он он он NHCOCH3 Hyaluronate All of the following are true regarding hyaluronate except…

A: Hyaluronate is a salt form of hyaluronic acid. Hyaluronic acid is a polymer consists of repeated…

Q: Describe how a) Mean Arterial Pressure, b) Maximal Oxygen Consumption, and c) Blood Flow are…

A: The human body is complex and it requires the coordinated action of many systems. The circulatory…

Q: A solution of the enzyme hexokinase incubated at 45 °C lost 50% of its activity in 12 min, but when…

A: Enzymes are the protein molecules which are of biological origins or sometimes may be produced…

Q: Glucose 1-phosphate is converted into fructose 6-phosphate in two successive reactions. Reaction 1:…

A:

Q: A particular reaction has a ΔG‡ of 37.0 kJ mol-1. In the presence of an enzyme, the same reaction…

A: The objective of this question is to calculate the change in Gibbs free energy of activation (ΔΔG‡)…

Q: A) Calculate the Gibbs free energy change for the following reaction: Fructose diphosphate If the…

A: Gibbs free energy, denoted G, combines enthalpy & entropy into a common value. The change in…

Q: The hydrolysis of ATP has a large negative Delta G under standard conditions, but ATP is still…

A: Let's analyze each option to understand why this is the correct answer and why the others are not:A)…

Q: Many metabolites are maintained at steady‑state concentrations that are far from equilibrium. A…

A: Cellular respiration is a catabolic pathway of the process of metabolism, where a series of chemical…

Q: What is the relationships between Kcat and that of stability. How is Kcat related to activation…

A: Kcat is the turnover number that is defined by the number of times each enzyme site converts the…

Q: In the reaction ATP + glucose → ADP + glucose-6-phosphate, ΔG° is -16.7 kJ/mol. Assume that both ATP…

A: Given Values: ∆G° = 16.7 kJ/mol or 16700 J/mol Temperature = 25°C or 25+273 = 298 K Concentration of…

Q: Consider the following list of phosphorylated compounds with their free energy changes of phosphate…

A: The Gibbs free energy change (∆G°) is the energy change that occurs in going from reactants towards…