Make a list of the different physiological equations: Cardiac Output (Q) = Fick Equation for VO2 = Pulse Pressure (PP) =

In patients with congestive heart failure, heart muscles are damaged and weakened (cardiac muscle contractions are weaker). Explain how weaker cardiac muscle contraction will affect cardiac output and why (explain how weaker contractions affect end diastolic ventricular volume, muscle length, stroke volume and cardiac output).

Given: Capillaries are where the magic of gas diffusion happens. Capillaries are approximately 5-10 µm in diameter.  Let’s pick an average value of 7.5 µm. A normal value of the diameter of an aortic artery is 15 mm. a. How many capillaries would it take to have the same cross-sectional area as a single aortic artery? b. Assuming constant fluid flow through a single aortic artery and a capillary network with the same cross-sectional area, how will the resistance to flow compare to both?  (Answer a and b)

If a subject has stroke volume of 100 and heart rate of 53 bpm, What is his cardiac output in ml/min?

Using Figure 4 as a reference, explain whether there was a difference in the resting heart rates of athletes and non-athletes. Explain the physiology behind your results in terms of the relationship between heart rate and stroke volume

The below graph shows changes in several cardiovascular parameters as the result of increased intensity of exercise in a population of untrained individuals. What commonly measured cardiovascular parameters might the curves labeled A, B, and C represent? What are the corresponding units for the y-axis of each measure? For your reference, the two labeled curves represent the Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure (PCWP) and the Central Venous Pressure (CVP), both of which are measured in mmHg.

Given: Capillaries are where the magic of gas diffusion happens. Capillaries are approximately 5-10 µm in diameter.  Let’s pick an average value of 7.5 µm. A normal value of the diameter of an aortic artery is 15 mm. a.  What would the Reynolds number be for blood in each vessel?

Sue goes to the gym and after an initial warm-up, she increases her exercise level pushing herself to maximum.  At this point her heart rate is 175 beats/min and her stroke volume is 135 ml/beat.  What is her cardiac output now?     At this point, by how many ml/min has her CO increased over her resting CO?        What % increase over resting is this?  (Use the following equation).                                          amount of increase in CO in ml/min % increase =  _____________ X  100%                       original CO (resting) ml/min         What term is used to describe this increase in CO?

What is positive and negative inotropic effect? Please explain at your own words.

below are a number of scenarios. Please determine and explain how each will impact cardiac output.  A. Increase in ionotropic agents B. increase in body temperature  C. hypercalcaemia