Liver cells need NADH and ATP for gluconeogenesis, which involves both cytoplasm and mitochondria. From cytoplasm, pyruvate enters the mitochondria via transporter protein and in mitochondria, pyruvate undergoes carboxylation and reduction. The reduction produces _______, which is transported from mitochondria to cytoplasm via its transporter protein.

______________ transfers carnitine from mitochondrial matrix to cytoplasm during the transport of fatty acid to mitochondria. Carnitine acyltransferase I CarnitineacyltransferaseII Transaminase Translocase Citric acid shuttle

Glycolysis converts ___________     Glucose into phosphoenolpyruvate     Fructose into phosphoenolpyruvate     Fructose into pyruvate     Glucose into pyruvate

True or False: 1. In the pathways of cell metabolism, 1) the citric acid (or Kreb's) cycle does NOT occur in the mitochondria, AND 2) the proton gradient in oxidative phosphorylation occurs through a PASSIVE transport process. 2. The chemical reaction where an aldehyde or ketone reacts with an alcohol in the presence of an inorganic acid source, is called acetal formation.