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Gene Interactions
When the expression of a single trait is influenced by two or more different non-allelic genes, it is termed as genetic interaction. According to Mendel's law of inheritance, each gene functions in its own way and does not depend on the function of another gene, i.e., a single gene controls each of seven characteristics considered, but the complex contribution of many different genes determine many traits of an organism.
Gene Expression
Gene expression is a process by which the instructions present in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are converted into useful molecules such as proteins, and functional messenger ribonucleic (mRNA) molecules in the case of non-protein-coding genes.
- List what has to happen to pre-mRNA before it is considered mature mRNA but not yet ready to interact with nuclear pore complex.
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- The diagram shows a pre-mRNA before splicing and processing. In this cell type, a protein is present that binds to the 3' splice site of intron 2, such that the spliceosome cannot bind here. What components of this transcript will be retained (and ultimately translated) vs. removed (not translated) in the spliced mRNA? RNA Exon 1 Intron 1 Exon 2 Intron 2 Exon 3 Intron 3 Exon 4 Exon 1 Intron 1 Exon 2 Intron 2 Exon 3 Intron 3 Exon 4 Removed Retained > <discuss how pre mRNA is formed in the nucleus and the RNA processing that happen to form a matured RNA.Which of the followings indicate the order of procaryotic mRNA degreadation? cleavage of the triphosphate 5′ terminus to yield a monophosphate- 3′ to 5′exonuclease digestion- The endonucleolytic cleavages occur in a 5′ to 3′ direction on the mRNA following the passage of the last ribosme cleavage of the triphosphate 5′ terminus to yield a monophosphate- The endonucleolytic cleavages occur in a 5′ to 3′ direction on the mRNA following the passage of the last ribosme- 3′ to 5′exonuclease digestion The endonucleolytic cleavages occur in a 5′ to 3′ direction on the mRNA following the passage of the last ribosme- cleavage of the triphosphate 5′ terminus to yield a monophosphate- 3′ to 5′exonuclease digestion
- In addition to splicing, additional modifications at the ends are required to generate a mature MRNA. What are these modifications and what are their significance? Use the following terms to fill in the blanks: MRNA cap poly(A) tail nucleus cytoplasm ribosome transcription complex synthesis degradation modifications The 5' end receives a while the 3' end gets a These modifications allow the MRNA to be exported to the A · protect it from and helps the MRNA to be recognized by theWhich of the following processing events occur during or after the synthesls of MRNA molecules in eukaryotes? Intron splicing Addition of a 5'cap O Cleavage of multiple functional molecules from a larger precursor O Polyadenylation of the 3' endExplain why mature mRNA transcripts is a different size that pre-mRNA transcripts. Be sure to include the name of the protein-ribonucleotide complex that’s involved.
- List the steps in the processing of a typical eukaryotic mRNA precursor to prepare it for its functional role.Draw a general structure of a mature mRNAEukaryotic messenger RNA can undergo post synthetic processing after transcription and before translation. One of the processing steps is splicing, where portions of the RNA are removed and the remaining RNA are joined together. Classify the statements regarding mRNA splicing as true or false. True statements False statements In splicing, intron sequences are removed from the mRNA in the form of lariats (loops) and are degraded. Splicing occurs while the mRNA is still in the nucleus. Splicing of mRNA does not involve any proteins. One MRNA can sometimes code for more than one protein by splicing at alternative sites. Splicing occurs while the mRNA is attached to the nucleosome.
- If a eukaryotic MRNA lacked a poly-A tail, where would the MRNA be located? A Cytoplasm Endoplasmic reticulum C Golgi apparatus NucleusAs shown in the following diagram, a pre-mRNA contains seven exons, which are numbered in black, and six introns, which are numbered in green. A splicing repressor binds at the 3′ splice site at the end of intron 4, which is just before exon 5. What exons will be included in the mature mRNA?Describe the various post-transcriptional and post-translational modifications that occur during the transition from pre-mRNA to mature protein.