List the three auxiliary protocols at the network layer of the TCP/IP suite that are designed to help the IPv4 protocol. When an IP datagram is travelling between networks, can the value of the TTL field in the IP datagram be any of the following? Explain your answer. 23 0 1 301 Which field(s) in the datagram are responsible for gluing together all fragments belonging to the original datagram?

We have seen that Internet TCP sockets treat the data being sent as a byte stream but UDP sockets recognize message boundaries. What are one advantage and one disadvantage of byte-oriented API versus having the API explicitly recognize and preserve application-defined message boundaries?

Data collision happens when many senders access the medium at the same time; what protocols are available to avoid this, and at what layer(s) do they function? Using these protocols, is it possible to ensure a transfer that does not include any collisions? In the event that this is not the case, what other possibilities do we have for fixing the issue that we are facing?

Network & Data Communications

1. What is the difference between packet fragmentation (i.e., at network layer) and frame frag- mentation (i.e., at link layer) in terms of purpose? 2. Suppose that host A is connected to a router R1, R1 is connected to another router, R2, and R2 is connected to host B. Suppose that a TCP message that contains 800 bytes of data and 20 bytes of TCP header is passed to the IP function at host A for delivery to B. Show the Total length, DF, MF, and Fragment offset fields of the IP header in each packet transmitted over the three links. (Assume that link A-R1 can support a maximum frame size of 1024 bytes including a 14-byte frame header, link R1-R2 can support a maximum frame size of 512 bytes, including an 8-byte frame header, and link R2-B can support a maximum frame size of 432 bytes including a 12-byte frame header.) (*hint: the Fragment offset field is denominated by 8-bytes, not bytes) 3. What is the purpose of the path MTU discovery process (see textbook Figure 5-42) and why does…

Assume the maximum transmission unit (or MTU) of an IP packet on 100 Mbps Ethernet is set at 1500 bytes. Also, assume we are sending our file using IPv6 at the Network layer and UDP at the Transport layer. A typical IPv6 header consists of 40 bytes, a UDP header consists of 8 bytes. Answer the following three questions based on the information provided above. For all answers, enter a decimal integer value without formatting (no commas). 1. How many packets do we have to send in order to transfer a file of 24KB over 100 Mbps Ethernet? packets 2. How many bytes do we have to send at the network layer in order to transfer the above file entirely? bytes 3. How many bytes do we have to send at the data link layer in order to transfer the above file entirely? Assume that the Ethernet header is 14 bytes and the frame checksum is 4 bytes. bytes

UDP and TCP create datagrams containing port numbers, sequence number and other important fields related to the services provided by these two protocols. A True (B) False