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- Discuss the Single and double circulation in animalsDescrive (in the correct order) the sequence of the blood flow through a four chambered mammalian heart. Be sure to address the following: 1. Begin with the return of oxygen poor blood from the body. 2. Describe the chemical O2/ CO2 and glucose content of the blood in the key locations. 3. Describe the machanisms that regulate the functioning of the system to maintain homeostasis.Write the following structures into sequence as a drop of blood would pass them on the double circuit of a mammalian system. aorta to systemic arteries and arterioles aortic semilunar valve inferior and superior vena cavae left atrioventricular valve (also called biscupid or mitral valve) left atrium left ventricle pulmonary capillaries to venules pulmonary trunk/arteries to arterioles pulmonary semilunar valve pulmonary veins right atrioventricular valve (also called tricuspid valve) right atrium right ventricle systemic capillaries to venules and veins
- Three circulatory systems of vertebrates are represented in the following diagram. Identify to which group of animals each circulatory system belongs and mention the reasons for considering them as such. ↑ Capilares de las branquias Aorta Capilares sanguíneos ↓ Capilares pulmonares Aorta Capilares sanguíneos ↓ Capilares pulmonares Aorta Capilares sanguineosTwo distinctly different styles of circulatory systems have evolved among animals: open and closed. What is “open” about an open cir-culatory system? Closed systems sometimes are cited as adaptive for actively moving animals with (at least at times) high metabolic de-mand. Can you suggest possible reasons for this assertion?Why do zebrafish make good animal models for human arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy?
- Hemodynamics are the dynamics of blood flow. Can the Bernoulli's equation be used to study hemodynamics in the cardiovascular system? Why or why not? You should discuss all four of the assumptions of Bernoulli's equation when answering this question. Jugular vein (also subclavian vein from arms) Pulmonary artery Superior vena cava Interior vena cava Hepatic vein Liver Hepatic portal vein Renal vein Iliac vein CO₂ CO₂ Head and arms Lungs Heart Kidneys Trunk and legs Carotid artery (also subclavian artery to arms) Pulmonary vein Aorta Hepatic artery Mesenteric arteries Digestive tract Renal artery Iliac arteryWhich of the following statements best describes the differences in the regulation of cardiac and skeletal muscle contraction? The amount of contractile force actively generated by muscle cells is increased by stretch in skeletal muscle and decreased by stretch in cardiac muscle. Cardiac muscle is stimulated by motor neurons and skeletal muscle by neurones from the autonomic nervous system. Skeletal muscle contractile force is augmented by increasing the firing frequency of action potentials whereas cardiac muscle contractile force is enhanced by noradrenaline increasing calcium influx through ion channels. Ryanodine receptors in skeletal muscle are opened by a mechanism that requires calcium influx whereas in cardiac muscle membrane depolarisation alone without calcium influx is sufficient to open ryanodine receptors.In counter-current flow within fish gills, A. oxygen-poor water is in contact with oxygen-rich blood; B. water is shunted around to touch both sides of the capillaries; C. as the fish contracts muscles alternately, water flows over both sides of gills; D. oxygen-poor water is in contact with oxygen-poor blood:
- When the alary muscles contract, the hemolymph is forced through the aorta into the head. Upon relaxation, the hemolymph enters the heart through the ostia. Once the hemolymph leaves the aorta, it fills the perineural and perivisceral sinuses, bathing the internal organs at the same time. Present your understanding of this concept through a diagram in the activity worksheet.What are the important differences in the overall metabolic needs of a fish and a turtle and the ability of their circulatory systems to meet those needs? Select all that apply. Fish are less able to meet their metabolic needs than are turtles. Fish have a two-chamber heart (one atrium and one ventricle) and turtles have a three-chambered heart (two atria and one ventricle). Turtles are endothermic and fish are ectothermic Blood flows directly to other organs after being oxygenated in turtles, but return to the heart after being oxygenated in fish. Turtles have a double,-circuit circulatory system whereas fish have a single circulatory system.As a result of heart failure, compensatory mechanisms become activated and ultimately lead to further harmful consequences in the long term. Which of the following is NOT one such compensatory mechanism? O Baroreceptor-mediated activation of the sympathetic nervous system that leads to increased heart rate and contractility The activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) that leads to increased blood pressure increased cardiac preload A reduction in both heart rate and blood pressure O Myocardial hypertrophy resulting in the thickening of the ventricular wall