Language Processing Neurosurgeon Paul Broca first identified Broca's Area following observations of his patient Mr. Tan. Mr. Tan's true identity is unknown; he was called "Tan" by the workers at the hospital where he died, because "tan" was the only thing he ever said (as he was suffering from severe Broca's aphasia, which is characterized by very limited verbal production). When he died in 1861, Broca dissected his brain and found a tumor in the left hemisphere. After observing this fact in subsequent autopsies of people suffering from similar type of aphasia, Paul Broca concluded that "the faculty for articulate language" was located in the left hemisphere of the brain. Broca's area is responsible For language output and production of words. Wernicke's area is an important language center Located in the left hemisphere of the brain. While the precise location of the Wernicke's area is not very clear, it is known to be located around the lateral sulcus, posterior section of the superior temporal gyrus. This area was discovered by Carl Wernicke, a German neurologist, who observed that people with lesions at this location could speak, but their speech was often incoherent and made no sense. Wernicke's area is responsible for processing of language input (words that we hear). Broca's area and Wernicke's area are connected by a large bundle of nerve fibers. Science Mythbuster The Brain has two hemispheres with "contralateral" (opposite side) control of motion and sensation. That is, the right hemisphere generally controls motion and processes sensation from the left half of the body. You might have heard of "right brain" and "left brain" functions or even personalities. This is a myth. The two hemispheres share 96% functional similarity and most differences between right and left brain functions are biases, rather than capabilities. One important difference, however, is that in most individuals the left hemisphere controls speech. 16. In what plane of section are the images in the "Clinical Connections: Hematoma" section above? 17. An 8- year--old boy comes into the emergency room with his parents. He hit his head while playing baseball and, though he says that he feels ok, his parents are still worried. The physícian reguests a brain scan that shows a creşcent-shapedpattern of blood aecumulation. a. Is thisetbod accumulation above the dura mater (epidural) orbełów the dura mater (subdural)? b. Should the physician be concerned, or send the child home since he seems fine? Explain your response. (18. Do youthink the sheep brain has the Broca and/or Wernicke's area(s)? WhyoF why not? 19. Are there limitations to using the sheep brain as a model for human brains? If so, what are they?

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