Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is a classic example of an enzyme regulated by isozymes. The B4 isozyme of LDH uses lactic acid in aerobic conditions to generate a large amount of ATP energy. Which of the following tissues contains predominantly the B4 isozyme? skeletal muscle liver white cells heart muscle brain a) b)
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- B) Read the situations below and indicate which of the four methods of enzyme regulation is occurring for each. a) The energy-carrying molecule ATP is made by the enzyme ATP synthase. Muscle cells use a lot of energy and also have higher amounts of the ATP synthase enzyme than many ouier cem types. General mechanism of enzyme regulation: /1 b) Prostaglandins are messenger molecules involved in the inflammatory response, as well as th perception of pain. They are synthesized from polyunsaturated fatty acid substrates by an enzyn called cyclo-oxygenase. "Ibuprofen" is the active ingredient in a variety of anti-inflammatory medications such as Motrin® and Advil®. It reduces pain and swelling by binding to a hydrophobic channel in the active site of cyclo-oxygenase, blocking the polyunsaturated fatty acids from binding to the enzyme, and therefore stopping production of prostaglandins. General mechanism of enzyme regulation: a) In point form, describe the steps by which ATP is produced…Anaerobic glycolysis of glucose potentially produces a fewer number of ATPs per glucose moleculein red blood cells than in muscle cells, because -Red blood cells contain bisphosphoglycerate mutase -Red blood cells lack phosphoglycerate kinase -Red blood cells do not have mitochondria -Red blood cells do not have a nucleus Which of the following is likely to be correct if all mutases are completely inhibited? -Removal of glucosyl residues from nonreducing ends of glycogen in the liver is compromised;therefore, release of free glucose into blood from the liver would decrease -Glycerol can be efficiently converted into glucose but cannot be efficiently converted into glucosylresidues in glycogen in the liver -Both A and B -Neither A nor BThe hydrolysis of glycogen to yield glucose is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphorylase. Caffeine, which is not a carbohydrate and not a substrate for the enzyme, inhibits phosphorylase. What kind of regulatory mechanism is at work? O negative modulation O protein modification O feedback control positive modulation zymogen O isozymes
- Which of the following does not correctly describe the isozymes of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in skeletal muscle and heart muscle? the B4 isozyme of LDH is the main enzyme form in heart muscle the A and B subunits of LDH are encoded by the same gene and have identical amino acid sequences O lactic acid is used as a fuel by the B4 isozyme to produce cellular energy O the A4 isozyme of LDH is the main form in skeletal muscle O lactic acid is produced by the A4 isozyme during active exerciseLactose intolerance is caused by reduced production of the enzyme lactase. A variety of digestive system problems, such as celiac disease and Crohn’s disease) can also lower the production of lactase. If an individual produces low levels of the enzyme lactase, explain why they might be able to tolerate eating dairy products that contain lower levels of lactose (e.g., hard cheeses, feta cheese, and cottage cheese), but will not be able to tolerate foods with high levels of lactose (e.g., milk).The following reaction is catalyzed by this type of enzyme? Coo COO™ I HIC-H H-C-H COO™ succinate isomerase hydrolase O ligase transferase oxidoreductase succinate dehydrogenase FAD FADH2 H-C || C-H COO fumarate
- Glucose is phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate by hexokinase in the first step of the glycolytic pathway to trap it in the cell, as G6P cannot diffuse across the lipid bilayer. This reaction also decreases the concentration of free glucose, favoring additional import of the molecule. However, this has a postive standard free energy of 3 kcal per mole. To favor this reaction, hydrolysis of ATP is coupled, which has a standard free energy of -7 kcal per mole. Determine the actual free energy change in kcal/mole for the following conditions: Glucose concentration: 4.5 mM ATP conc: 3.79 mM G6P conc. 0.052 mM ADP conc: 0.12 mM inorganic phosphate conc: 1.3 mM temperature: 313 K Ans. in 3 SFs.During fatty acid synthesis, which of the below is the product of β-enoyl-ACP reductase:Copper is a cofactor in several enzymes, including lysyl oxidase and superoxide dismutase.Ceruloplasmin, a deep-blue glycoprotein, is the principal copper-containing protein in blood. It isused to transport Cu2+ and maintain appropriate levels of Cu2+ in the body’s tissues.Ceruloplasmin also catalyzes the oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+, an important reaction in ironmetabolism. Because the metal is widely found in foods, copper deficiency is rare in humans.Deficiency symptoms include anemia, leukopenia (reduction in blood levels of white blood cells),bone defects, and weakened arterial walls. The body is partially protected from exposure toexcessive copper (and several other metals) by metallothionein, a small, metal-binding protein thatpossesses a large proportion of cysteine residues. Certain metals (most notably zinc and cadmium)induce the synthesis of metallothionein in the intestine and liver.In Menkes syndrome intestinal absorption of copper is defective. How can affected infants…
- You have the following pathway: If an isolated liver cell runs out of glucose, the cell will break down glycogen into Glucose-1-Phosphate (Glucose-1-P). The isolated liver cell will then use the enzyme phosphoglucomutase to convert Glucose-1-P to Glucose-6-P, which can enter glycolysis. If you remove all glucose and add a drug that inhibits phosphoglucomutase, which molecule will most likely accumulate in this system? A. Glucose B. Glucose 1 phosphate C. Glucose 6 phosphate D. Lactate E. CO2Fatty acids are oxidized by acyl COA dehydrogenase. Branched fatty acids, containing a methyl group at beta carbons cannot be oxidized by this enzyme. How does the oxidation of such branched fatty acids take place? Explain with all set of reactions and enzymes involvediodoacetate is an irreversible inhibitor of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. which of the following is the expected outcome of the exposure of a cell to iodoacetate - Cellular resiration will stop if the cell solely depends on glucose as fuel - The rate of cellular respiration will increase - The reoxidation of coenzymes will noy be affected , but the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation will be diminished - There will be no effect on cellular respiration as long as the cell has a large glucose reserve -The cell sill not be able to reoxidize the reduced coenzymes