It is well known, and scientifically documented, that yawning is contagious. When we see someone else yawn, or even think about someone yawning, we are very likely to yawn ourselves. (In fact, we predict that you are starting to want to yawn right now.) In a study of yawning contagion, researchers showed participants one of several pictures, including a picture of a man yawning, the same man smiling, a yawning man with his mouth covered, or a yawning man with his eyes obscured (Provine et al. 1989). Participants yawned much more often when shown the yawner than the smiler, but surprisingly an identical number also yawned when shown the picture with the mouth obscured. This suggests that something besides the mouth is an important trigger. What about the eyes? Seventeen of 30 participants yawned when confronted with a picture of a yawning man, while 11 of 30 independent participants yawned when shown a picture of a yawning man with his eyes covered. Is there evidence in these data that covering the yawning man's eyes in an image changes the occurrence of contagious yawns? To answer this question, perform the x? contingency test. The null and alternative hypotheses are as follows: Họ: Covering the eyes and frequency of yawning are independent. HA: Covering the eyes and frequency of yawning are not independent. State the conclusion and the interpretation of the x? contingency test. Reject Ho. There is insufficient evidence at the level of significance a = 0.05 that the probability of yawning is contingent on covering the eyes. Reject Ho. There is sufficient evidence at the level of significance a = 0.05 that the probability of yawning is contingent on covering the eyes. Fail to reject Ho. There is sufficient evidence at the level of significance a = 0.05 that the probability of yawning is contingent on covering the eyes. Fail to reject Ho. There is insufficient evidence at the level of significance a = 0.05 that the probability of yawning is contingent on covering the eyes.

Children’s Sleep Problems. Families and pediatricians often have difficulty managing sleep problems of young children. In the article “An Individualized and Comprehensive Approach to Treating Sleep Problems in Young Children” (Journal of Applied Behavioral Analysis, Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 161–180), researchers C. Jin et al. estimate that sleep problems affect 70% of children with an autism spectrum disorder. If 50 children with an autism spectrum disorder are selected at random, what is the probability that the number who have sleep problems a. is exactly 70% of those sampled? b. at most 70% of those sampled? c. at least 70% of those sampled?

The authors of a research article were interested in the effect on female viewers of watching movies in which female heroines were portrayed in roles that focus on their sex appeal. They carried out an experiment in which female college students were assigned at random to one of two experimental groups. The 24 women in one group watched 13 minutes of scenes from a certain superhero film series and then responded to a questionnaire designed to measure body esteem. Lower scores on this measure correspond to lower body satisfaction. The 27 women in the other group (the control group) did not watch any video prior to responding to the questionnaire measuring body esteem. For the women who watched the video, the mean body esteem score was 4.44 and the standard deviation was 1.02. For the women in the control group, the mean body esteem score was 5.07 and the standard deviation was 0.98. For purposes of this exercise, you may assume that the distribution of body esteem scores for each of the…

Part 1 of 4 A pharmaceutical company claims their new diabetes medication results in less variance in a patient's glucose level than if the patient were on no medication at all. An endocrinologist wishes to test this claim. She divides participants randomly into two groups. Group A consists of 20 diabetics who received the medication; group B consists of 26 diabetics who received a placebo. After two weeks, the blood sugar level of each patient in each group was measured with the following results (in mg/dL): Group A: 77.8, 229.4, 199.9, 110.1, 180.2, 116.1, 139.7, 171.1, 37.4, 158.1, 88.4, 195.5, 246.1, 142.4, 178.1, 105.5, 179.6, 146.1, 78.8, 123.7 Group B: 124.5, 130.1, 136, 162.8, 113.4, 72.8, 142.6, 50.3, 179.8, 197, 230, 194.3, 171, 109.3, 114.4, 107.5, 114.7, 195.3, 127.7, 126.4, 85.6, 166.7, 182.3, 113.5, 216.7, 162.8 Perform a hypothesis test using a 6% level of significance to test the pharmaceutical company's claim. Step 1: State the null and alternative hypotheses. Ho: Ha:…