It is possible for a series of packets to be sent from one host to another over the same route. Please break down the time it takes for a single package to go from beginning to conclusion. Is it expected that one of the delays would last a certain period of time and the other delay's length will be more variable?

Give a simple heuristic for finding two paths through a network from a given source to a given destination that can survive the loss of any communication line (assuming two such paths exist). The routers are considered reliable enough, so it is not necessary to worry about the possibility of router crashes.

SInternet Check sum Consider the figure below (simplex communication scenario). The TCP sender sends an initial window of 4 segments. Suppose the initial value of the sender ན༽)། sequence number, SEQ1, is 100 and the first 4 segments each contain 400 bytes of payload. As you can see ACK 3 is lost. What is the SEQ number (SEQ2, SEQ3, SEQ4, SEQ5) from the Sender and ACK Number (ACK1, ACK2, ACK3, ACK4, ACK5) from the receiver for each segment? Sender Seq1 Seq2 Seq3 Seg4 ACK1 ACK2 ACK3 ACK4 Seq5 ACK5 Receiver

Suppose that the average object size is 850,000 bits and that the average request rate from the institution’s browsers to the origin servers is 16 requests per second. Also suppose that the amount of time it takes from when the router on the Internet side of the access link forwards an HTTP request until it receives the response is three seconds on average (see Section 2.2.5). Model the total average response time as the sum of the average access delay (that is, the delay from Internet router to institution router) and the average Internet delay. For the average access delay, use Δ/(1 – Δ ), where Δ is the average time required to send an object over the access link and  is the arrival rate of objects to the access link. a. Find the total average response time.b. Now suppose a cache installed in the institutional LAN, Suppose the miss rate is 0.4. Find the total response time.

A connection that connects two hosts may transport many packets at the same time. Please provide a schedule that outlines all of the actions that need to be completed in order to successfully execute one shipment. Is it to be anticipated that one of the delays will take a certain amount of time, while the duration of the other delay may be adjusted in accordance with the circumstances?

TCP congestion control example. Consider the figure below, where a TCP sender sends 8 TCP segments at t = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Suppose the initial value of the sequence number is 0 and every segment sent to the receiver each contains 100 bytes. The delay between the sender and receiver is 5 time units, and so the first segment arrives at the receiver at t = 6. The ACKs sent by the receiver at t = 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12 are shown. The TCP segments (if any) sent by the sender at t = 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18 are not shown. The segment sent at t=4 is lost, as is the ACK segment sent at t=7. TCP sender t=1 T t=2 t=3 t=4+ t=5- t=6+ t=11 t=12 t=13 t=14 t=15 t=16 t=17 t=18 I data segment data segment data segment data segment data segment data segment data segment data segment ACK ACK ACK ACK ACK ACK Ty A A V V htt TCP receiver t=6 t=7 t=8 t=9 t=10 t=11 t=12 t=13 What does the sender do at t=17? You can assume for this question that no timeouts have occurred.

Write a program to simulate routing using ooding. Each packet should contain a counter that is decremented on each hop. When the counter gets to zero, the packet is discarded. Time is discrete, with each line handling one packet per time interval. Make three versions of this program: all lines are flooded, all lines except the input line are flooded, and only the (statically chosen) best k lines are flooded. Compare flooding with deterministic routing (k=1) in terms of both delay and the bandwidth used.

Give a simple heuristic for finding two paths through a network from a given source to a given destination that can survive the loss of any communication line (assuming two such paths exist). The routers are considered reliable enough, so it is not necessary to worry about the possibility of router crashes.

Consider sending a 3500-byte datagram that has arrived at a router R₁ that needs to be sent over a link that has an MTU size of 1000 bytes to R2. Then it has to traverse a link with an MTU of 600 bytes. Let the identification number of the original datagram be 465. How many fragments are delivered at the destination? Show the parameters associated with each of these fragments.

Give a trace of the operation of protocol rdt3.0 when data packets and acknowledgment packets are garbled.