Islet cells in the pancreas are actively synthesizing and secreting insulin into the bloodstream. A scientist purifies different membranous fractions of these islet cells. In which fraction would she find insulin or its intermediates?
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Islet cells in the pancreas are actively synthesizing and secreting insulin into the bloodstream. A scientist purifies different membranous fractions of these islet cells. In which fraction would she find insulin or its intermediates?
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- A woman affected by type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes miscalculates and injects herself with too much insulin. She soon begins to feel confused and sluggish. She calls for medical assistance and injects herself with the glucagon her doctor prescribed for such an emergency. When an ambulance arrives, she is given dextrose ( a sugar) intravenously. How did the excess insulin cause her symptoms. How did the glucagon injection and the intravenous sugar help reverse them?Lipodystrophy is a condition in which an individual lacks adipose tissue. The muscles and liver from such individuals are insulin resistant, and both tissues accumulate large amounts of triacylglycer ols (hyperlipidemia). The administration of leptin partly ameliorates this condition. What does it indicate about the relation of adipose tissue to insulin action?Consider fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBP) when responding to Parts A, B, and C. When writing your response, please put A, B, or C in front of the answer for each part. NOTE: Each part can be answered in 3-4 sentences.A. State the effect (inhibition OR activation) of insulin signaling on the activity of FBP. Explain why this effect makes sense and make sure you identify the pathway where FBP participates.B. In a type 2 diabetic liver cell, when the blood sugar level is high, will the activity of FBP be HIGHER, LOWER, or THE SAME AS the activity in a nondiabetic liver cell under the same conditions? Explain your reasoning.C. Now think about the insulin and glucagon signaling pathways that control activity of FBP. When a nondiabetic liver cell is exposed to low blood sugar, indicate one specific way the insulin or glucagon signaling pathway could be disrupted so that the activity of FBP is not controlled correctly. Then, explain the reasoning for your answer.
- It is noticed that when a strain of mice exercises, their blood glucose drops to very low levels. Which of the following can explain this situation? a) These mice do not make enough insulin b) these mice lack insulin receptors on their cells c)these mice lack glucagon d) these mice cannot synthesize glycogen from glucoseName two proteins that are effectors of the insulin signaling pathway in adipocytes, liver, or muscle cells. Explain how these effector proteins address the conditions that triggered insulin release.For our patient John with diabetes type II, he can make insulin but his body cells can be resistant to this insulin. Note: activated insulin receptors will activate glucose receptors. John takes a drug called metformin, in conjunction with regulating his diet and exercising. This drug has two main effects. First, it helps reduce hepatic (liver) production of glucose. Second, it helps cells become more sensitive to insulin. Explain how these two effects of metformin can help John.
- Which of the following is not correct about phosphorylation by IRS on serine residue? a) Target tissues fail to respond to circulating insulin b) It increases insulin levels c) It is an inhibitory phosphorylation d) It is molecular mechanism for insulin resistanceWhat is the ligand(signaling molecule) in a(an) insulin signaling pathway and what causes this ligand to be sent out?In US President Biden’s State of the Union address, at 29:54 he says “insulin costs about $10 a vial to make… they [charge] up to 30 times that amount”. a) Is this statement true in a practical and meaningful way? b) What price might President Biden be speaking of? c) How might the price in b) spillover into other costs incurred by the consumer? Hint: The slides on US healthcare system will be very helpful (especially the slides near th