Is providing extra insulin an effective curefor an individual who has diabetes that is caused by a hereditarydefect in the insulin receptor? Why or why not?
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Is providing extra insulin an effective curefor an individual who has diabetes that is caused by a hereditarydefect in the insulin receptor? Why or why not?
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- What types of normal cells typicallyhave insulin receptors?Insulin secretion is essential in metabolism. What type ofmolecule is insulin? What structure secretes it? What factorscontrol its secretion? What is/are its target tissue(s)? Whateffect(s) does it exert?Why do you suppose individuals with diabetes must receive insulin subcutaneously by injection rather than orally?
- Describe all the sources of amplification in the insulin receptor system.What happens to the insulin-secreting capacity of a type 2 diabetic placed on insulin therapy earlier than recommended? Can the external supply of insulin improve the functional capacity of the insulin-secreting cells, to some extent by providing some rest to these cells? Is inhaled insulin a suitable substitute for injectable insulin? Is there, or will there soon be, insulin in the form of a tablet?Because the prime early symptom of diabetes is a high levelof blood glucose, insulin is often associated primarily withcarbohydrate metabolism. List several other processes thatare insulin-dependent.
- Hyperinsulinism, the result of the injection of an excessiveinsulin dose or an insulin-secreting tumor, can result in braindamage. ExplainWhich bioreactor is the most suitable for insulin production?In patients with type 2 diabetes, cells no longer respond to the hormone insulin. What change has likely occurred in these cells to make them insulin resistant?
- Discuss the following statement: “We wouldhave no idea today of the importance of insulin as a reg-ulatory hormone if its absence were not associated withthe human disease diabetes. It is the dramatic conse-quences of its absence that focused early efforts on theidentification of insulin and the study of its normal role inphysiology.”Which of the following best describes the role of the hexosamine pathway in the pathogenesis of the chronic complications of diabetes mellitus? Question 79 options: a) It involves irreversible binding of glucose to proteins, lipids and nucleic acids which damages components of the microcirculation leading to retinopathy, etc. b) It promotes the O-linked glycosylation of proteins and transcription factors, resulting in altered gene expression contributing to insulin resistance & cardiovascular complications c) It promotes the synthesis of DAG which increases pro-inflammatory gene expression and endothelial ET-1 production resulting in blood flow abnormalities d) It leads to intracellular accumulation of osmotically active sorbitol and fructose which damages Schwann cells, erythrocytes and the lens of the eyeUnlike the glucocorticoid receptor, the thyroid receptor has an activity even in the absence of thyroid hormone. Explain the activity of the receptor under these conditions and how hormone binding changes the activity.