In the Gabriel synthesis of primary amines, phthalimide is used to accomplish the first step – nucleophilic substitution. Please list at list two main reasons why phthalimide but not any other primary or secondary amides are preferred. Hint: consider the entire sequence of reactions in the Gabriel synthesis.

One of the classic electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions is nitration. The addition of a nitro group to the ring is generally conducted with nitric acid and it is subject to the directing effects of the substituents on the ring in the starting material. In this experiment we will investigate the nitration of phenylacetic acid as shown below.There are several things to consider with this reaction that can be addressed through analysis of the products made under various reaction conditions. What follows is a list of questions that we want to answer in a logical, data supported way. Spectra and other data will be provided along with guidance as to how to answer these questions. This report is expected to be lighter on the procedure portion, and considerably longer on the discussion portion than normal   What kind of group is present in the starting material? Is it an o/p director or a meta director? Is it activating or deactivating

Do not use carboxylation mechanism but show full mechanism for the question below

(SYN) Show how to synthesize each of the following compounds beginning with malonic ester.

Please don't provide handwritten solution ....

Describe and explain the differences you would see when conducting propyl amine  with dimethyl amine.  Be specific on what you would make sure you could distinguish the two  amines.