In some areas of the world, vitamin A deficiencies lead to a high number of deaths every year. To combat this problem, scientists created golden rice, in contrast to white rice. Using recombinant technology, golden rice is created by added two new beta-carotene genes, one from daffodil and one from a soil bacterium. The result is a rice that contains high levels of vitamin A. In order to create golden rice, which of the following processes is not employed? * O Polymerase chain reaction O Splicing O Gel electrophoresis O Gene therapy

In Griffith’s experiment, the harmless “rough” bacteria mixed with dead “smooth” bacteria were able to kill the mouse. The bacteria recovered from the dead mouse were all “smooth”, even though only the “rough” bacteria were viable. What happened?

If a researcher accidentally transformed the bacterial two hybrid plasmids ( pKT25-X and pUT18-Y) into a normal strain of E coli that produces adenylate cyclase, his/her experiment will: a. show a high lacZ activity in all tubes (control and experiment) because Proteins X and Y do not need to be interacting in order to activate lacZ gene prescription. b. not work because cells lack cAMP. c. need replicates in order to show true interaction between X and Y.

Bacteria exposed to viruses incorporate sections of the virus’s DNA into the CRISPR array sequences in their genome. This mechanism allows bacteria to fight off the viruses, like an immune response: the information in CRISPR spacers served as “coordinates” for recognizing and cutting up invading DNA sequences. Describe what might happen under the conditions described after a bacteriophage infects a bacterial cell and releases its DNA into the bacterial cell.   Explain why: 1. The invading phage DNA is recognized by the Cas proteins but not inserted into the CRISPR array region of the bacterial genome: The bacteria will be unable to elicit an immune response and will succumb to the phase infection 2. The cas genes on the bacterial genome contains a missense mutation that increases its cleavage/cut activityThe bacteria will elicit an immune response that will successfully fight the phage infection