In protocol rdt3.0, the ACK packets flowing from the receiver to the sender do not have sequence numbers, although they do have an ACK field that contains the sequence number of the packet they are acknowledging. Why is it that ACK packets do not themselves require sequence numbers?

Are the TCP receive buffer and the client's application buffer same when utilizing HTTP streaming? How do they engage with one another if they don't talk to one another?

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In modern packet-switched networks, including the Internet, the source host segments long, application-layer messages (for example, an image or a music file) into smaller packets and sends the packets into the network. The receiver then reassembles the packets back into the original message. We refer to this process as message segmentation. Figure 1.27 illustrates the end-to-end transport of a message with and without message segmentation. Consider a message that is 8. 106 bits long that is to be sent from source to destination in Figure 1.27. Suppose each link in the figure is 2 Mbps. Ignore propagation, queuing, and processing delays. a. Consider sending the message from source to destination without message segmentation. How long does it take to move the message from the source host to the first packet switch? Keeping in mind that each switch uses store-and-forward packet switching, what is the total time to move the message from source host to destination host? b. Now suppose that…

The ACK packets that pass from the recipient to the sender do not have sequence numbers in protocol rdt3.0, but they have an ACK area that includes the packet sequence number they are recognizing. Why does it not need sequence numbers for our ACK packets?

While developing a reliable transport protocol, early versions of the protocol discussed in class used a NAK message, sent by the receiver to the sender to indicate a packet was not correctly received. This kind of message, however, is not found in further protocols, like GBN, SR or even TCP. Why not? In other words, why don't these protocols provide a way to signal to the sender that the received message was received with an error

The UDP protocol is a messaging protocol. Token-based protocols like TCP are known as byte-oriented protocols. Which protocol, UDP or TCP, should an application employ to safeguard the message's boundaries?

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is the standard protocol for transferring mail between hosts. A TCP connection is set up between a user agent and a server program. The server listens on TCP port 25 for incoming connection requests. The user end of the connection is on a TCP port number above 1023. You have defined the packet filter rule set shown in the table below. These rules permit and/or deny inbound and outbound traffic between the user agent and the mail server. Describe the purpose of each packet filter rule in the table.  Rule Direction Source Address Destination Address Protocol Destination Port Action A2 In External Internal TCP 25 Permit B2 Out Internal External TCP > 1023 Permit C2 Out Internal External TCP 25 Permit D2 In External Internal TCP > 1023 Permit E2 Either Any Any Any Any Deny

It is possible for a series of packets to be sent from one host to another over the same connection. Please break down the time it takes for a single package to go from beginning to conclusion. Is it expected that one of the delays would last a certain period of time while the other delay's length will be more malleable?

What relationship is needed between sequence number size and window size to avoid problem in recognizing between new transmission and re-transmission in the SR protocol?