In penguins, both parents offer care for their young. Which of the following is UNLIKELY an explanation for why bi-parental care is seen in penguins?  Penguins have relatively small brains compared to other birds Their food source is very difficult to obtain Penguin chicks are unlikely to survive the extremely harsh environment if they are left alone or only receive care from one parent Penguin chicks have a long developmental time to adulthood

In species with internal fertilization, the eggs often are attached to the outside of the female's body in brood chambers following copulation, before hatching into free-swimming offspring. What advantages might a brood chamber offer for the development of offspring?

In birds: females are ZZ and males are ZW females are ZO and males are ZZ O females are XX and males are XY females are XX and males are XO females are ZW and males are ZZ

Male California sea lion mating success is determined by the number of mates they can acquire. Larger males are more successful at maintain larger territories. Females remain in one territory for the duration of the mating season and larger territories support more females than smaller territories. Additionally, the most successful males will fast during mating season to remain present in their territory at all times. If they leave to hunt they risk loss of their territory and access to all the females present in it. Which of the following best describes sexual selection in this species?   a. Males likely engage in male-male combat to maintain territories.   b. Intersexual selection is likely stronger than intrasexual selection.   c. Sexual selection on the females is stronger than on the males.   d. Females will mate with smaller males at a higher frequency than larger males

Explain why genetic mutations in asexual organisms lead to much more rapid evolutionary change than do genetic mutations in sexual forms. Why might harmful mutations be more deleterious to asexual organisms compared with sexual organisms?

Enumerate and give at least 5 unique mechanisms employed by organisms in order to determine the sex of the offspring. In each case, give an example of a species which represent such a scheme of producing sex(y) descendants. Put reference Mechanism Example 1   2   3   4   5   What evolutionary forces drive the turnover of these sex determination mechanisms?

Describe the two events that are common to all sexually reproducing organisms and how they fit into the different life cycles of those organisms.

What is evidence that menopause is an adaptive cooperative trait? In humans, the presence of reproductive (fertile) grandmothers probably increases the survival rate of their grandoffspring. O In killer whales, the presence of reproductive (fertile) grandmothers increases the survival rate of their grandoffspring. In both humans and killer whales, the presence of non-reproductive grandmothers probably increases the survival rate of their grandoffspring. In humans, the presence of reproductive (fertile) mothers increases the survival rate of their reproductive grandparents.

|(A) A well trained alien biologist visiting earth would be able to tell that the mating system of gorillas is strongly polygynous and that of man's weakly polygynous. How could he/she/it tell this just by looking at gorillas and humans? (B) Is harem polygyny an ESS or have "cheater" behaviors evolved to exploit or exist within these systems? (C) If your answer was yes then describe a cheater behavior within a polygynous system.

In at least some animal groups (for example, reptiles) asexual species tend to be over-represented on islands compared to mainlands, because it is easier for them to colonize. Offer two reasonable hypotheses why asexual species might be more likely to colonize islands than sexual species. Briefly describe your reasoning for each.