QUESTION 9 Under what circumstances does a one male polygynous group become a multi-male polygynous group? O 1. When neigborhing polyandric groups threaten the male's masculinity O 2. When females enter Estrus at the same time O 3. When the group's population of females and children gets too large for one male to defend by himself O 4. When primates are put in semi-free ranging environments O 5. When females born in the group move out of the group due to philopatric structures QUESTION 10 True or false: In monogamous groups the males and females may have more than one mating partner O 1.False 2. True

QUESTION 16 Oviparity • Commonly requires an energy rich yolk. • Requires extensive parental investment in offspring • Only occurs with external fertilization • Is rare in birds.

QUESTION 4 The advantages of asexual reproduction do not include • No requirement for a stable environment. • Increase in genetic diversity. • No need for two sexes • Reproduction at a faster rate than sexual reproduction

Large testes are probably advantageous in species with sperm competition because larger testes produce more sperm which increses males' probability of fertilization females choose males based on testes size more testosterone production increases fighting ability of males larger testes produce larger sized sperm which have a competitive advantage over other sperm