In general, when the nonbicarbonate buffer concentration is normal, an acute PaCO2 rise of 10 mm Hg will be associated with which of the following changes? a. [HCO3-] rises by approximately 10 mEq/L. b. [HCO3-] rises by approximately 5 mEq/L. c. [HCO3-] rises by approximately 2 mEq/L. d. [HCO3-] rises by approximately 1 mEq/L.

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38. The secretion of organic anions------------------. A. is driven by the sodium gradient established by the basolateral membrane Na+ /K+ pump B. They are taken from the blood into the tubule cells in exchange for di/tricarboxylates. C. they are removed across apical membrane via anions antiporter D. all of the above E. None of the above

4. A patient shows up at the hospital with a low blood pH and high levels of CO2 and HCO3-. A) These values indicate what condition? B) Identify and explain one reason why this condition could occur. C) Explain what the kidneys are doing to compensate for this condition.

7. Compare the mechanisms and effects of loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and ARBs (angiotensin II receptor blockers).

3. The renal clearances and plasma protein binding of three drugs in a 70 kg adult are as follows: Renal Clearance (ml/min) % bound to plasma proteins Drug Theophylline Phenytoin 50 90 Cefonicid 98 10 0.15 20 If GFR is 120 ml/min and urine flow is 1.5 ml/min, what is the likely involvement of filtration, secretion and reabsorption in the renal excretion of each of these drugs? Answers: 1a. 0.114, c. 51.8 L/hr, d. 5.4 L/hr, e. 46.4 L/hr, f. 67.2 L/hr, g. 454 L/hr 2a. theophylline filtered and reabsorbed; phenytoin filtered and reabsorbed; cefonicid filtered and secreted

41. Your patient’s plasma pH falls below 7.35 and arterial PCO2 rises above 50 mm Hg. This means your patient has ____________________ and may experience ____________  as a result of CO2 crossing the blood brain barrier. a. respiratory acidosis, muscle twitching b. respiratory alkalosis, irritability c. metabolic acidosis, seizures d. metabolic alkalosis, psychological disturbances e. respiratory acidosis, psychotic breaks

7. A physician asks her assistant to prepare an injection of 0.5 mL of 10 mg/mL cortisone solution in a syringe. The assistant has a bottle of 40 mg/mL cortisone stock solution and a bottle of isotonic saline solution to dilute it with (note: not distilled water). Calculate: a) the volume of cortisone stock solution (in mL), and b) the volume of saline solution needed to make this injection solution.

5. What are the most common factors for DKA and HHS? What is the main difference in HHS?

4.    Explain why bicarbonate must be conserved rather than reabsorbed in the kidney.