In general, parasympathetic activation will produce effects that are _ to those produced by activation of sympathetic neurons. a. similar b. antagonistic c. complimentary d. identical
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- In most instances the sympathetic and parasympathetic have opposite effects on effectors where they both innervate. Describe an example where they have cooperative effects, not the opposite.List and describe the major effects of parasympathetic stimulation. Explain why sympathetic effectstend to be systemic and long lasting, while parasympathetic effects are local and short lived.For each of the following indicate either: somatomotor, sympathetic, or parasympathetic A. ACh is the neurotransmitter present between the postganglionic neuron and the target B. stimulatory to stomach contraction C. The adrenal gland stimulated to release a neurohormone
- compare and contrast the differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Use the following scenarios: Scenario 1: You are walking outside late at night and you hear something in the bushes as you approach your home. Which system will dominate and what physiological changes will occur? Scenario 2: You have just finished a big dinner and now you are relaxing in your recliner to watch the big ball game. Which system will dominate and what physiological changes will occur? Be sure to at least include what happens to heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion. You may include other physiological variables as well. "Not a homework assignment"Describe the functional differences between theparasympathetic and the sympathetic divisionsDescribe the effect of sympathetic innervation on each effector organ, especially the heart, blood vessels, gastrointestinal tract, lungs, adrenal medulla, and external genitalia.
- Describe the basic pathways of sympathetic innervation from the spinal cord to the effector organs in the body periphery, the head, and the visceral organs.List and describe the major effects of sympathetic stimulation on the major organs. Describe thedifference between an adrenergic receptor and a cholinergic receptor. List the adrenergic receptortypes, and name where you would find them. State their primary function.Compare the primary mechanisms used by the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions to clear or remove neurotransmitters? In other words, how do they terminate their neurotransmitter activity? How do they differ from each other? Question #2 Barbra Streisand, age 79, has asthma. We are considering an adrenergic drug for treatment. For Ms. Streisand, what are the drug advantages and diadvantages associciated with the use of ephedrine isoproterenol metaproterenol albuterol terbutaline Would her age be a factor in selecting the best drug? Explain. Question #3 Steven Seagal, age 69, has hypertension and asthma. We are considering treating him with an adrenergic blocker. What are the advantages and disadvantages for each of the drugs below to treat high blood pressure? doxazosin prazosin propranolol metoprolol atenolol acebutolol What needs to be included when teaching individuals suffering from high blood pressure about the use of an adrenergic blocker?
- Discuss the functions of the sympathetic system1. Compare the effects of adrenergic and cholinergic stimulation on the cardiovascular and digestive systems. a. Explain how effectors that receive only sympathetic innervation are regulated by the autonomic system. b.Compare the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems in terms of location of their ganglia and the distribution of their nerves.. 2. Name at least three organs/tissues which receive only sympathetic innervation a. Name at least two organ systems which are predominantly under parasympathetic controlA target effector, such as the heart, receives input from the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. What is the actual difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions at the level of those connections (i.e., at the synapse)? Why does smoking increase the risk of heart disease? Provide two reasons based on autonomic function.