Concept explainers
In 1966, Milton Friedman wrote, as he often did, some memorable lines that have entered the lexicon of economic quotables. As Friedman correctly put it in a book chapter titled “What Price Guideposts?”: “Inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon, resulting from and accompanied by a rise in the quantity of money relative to output…. It follows that the only effective way to stop inflation is to restrain the rate of growth of the quantity of money.”
While true, Friedman’s classic statement doesn’t tell us anything about what drives the growth of the money supply that fuels inflation. Hyperinflations are rather rare. The first hyperinflation occurred in France, where the mandate collapsed. In August 1796, France’s monthly inflation rate peaked at 304%. Almost half of the 58 recorded hyperinflations occurred in the 1990's and were the result of the funding deficiencies associated with the new post-communist states. Today, there is only one hyperinflation, Venezuela’s.
Post an article related to Venezuela's hyperinflation and discuss the consequences of hyperinflation on Venezuelan economy.
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- What is a monetary rule? What is its purpose? Illustrate and explain the implementation of a monetary rule.arrow_forwardThe following graph shows the current short-run Phillips curve for a hypothetical economy; the point on the graph shows the initial unemployment rate and inflation rate. Assume that the economy is currently in long-run equilibrium. Suppose the central bank of the hypothetical economy decides to decrease the money supply. On the following graph, shift the curve or drag the blue point along the curve, or do both, to show the short-run effects of this policy. Hint: You may assume that the central bank's move was unanticipated. SR Phillips Curve0246810126543210INFLATION RATE (Percent)UNEMPLOYMENT RATE (Percent)SR Phillips Curve In the short run, an unexpected decrease in the money supply results in in the inflation rate and in the unemployment rate. On the following graph, shift the curve or drag the blue point along the curve, or do both, to show the long-run effects of the decrease in the money supply. 0246810126543210INFLATION RATE…arrow_forwardWhat Can the Fed Do about Inflation? In the article by Thomas Hogan, we learn that Russia's invasion of the Ukraine nor the shortage or supply chain issues has not derived the main causes of inflation. (Hogan, 2022) The main cause for the issues that we have been facing come directly from the constant price changes and the monetary policy that is currently in place. We learn that with Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) has not adjusted their monetary policy, and have been raising the rates in such small increments that is causing the inflation to continue in an upward trend. What needs to occur is the FOMC needs to raise interest rates in greater scales in order the combat the inflation that is taking place and stabilize the price levels that are out there. (Hogan, 2022) What needs occur is that the Fed needs to come up with a policy that will allow for a predetermined path that slows down and regulating the money growth back to a safe place. Having the guidance from the article…arrow_forward
- According to the long-run relationship between money growth, income growth, and the change in the price level, if European inflation is higher than U.S. inflation but money growth is the same, it must be that: a) real income growth in Europe and the United States is the same. b) real income growth in Europe is larger than real income growth in the United States. c) real income growth in the United States is higher than in Europe. d) the level of nominal income is higher in Europe than in the United States.arrow_forwardThe United States Federal Reserve has two mandates when setting monetary policy - keep annual inflation low (around 2-3%) and the unemployment rate low (around 5%). Typically, efforts to adjust the money supply to cause inflation to decrease causes unemployment to increase and vice versa. Now, imagine a situation where the United States faces high inflation and high unemployment (called stagflation, was issue in late 1970s). What do you think the Federal Reserve should do in this situation?arrow_forwardThe government of a country increases the growth rate of the money supply from 5 percent per year to 50 percent per year. a) What happens to prices? b) What happens to nominal interest rate? c) Why might the government be doing this?arrow_forward
- part Barrow_forward1) https://www.econlowdown.org/resource-gallery/monetary_policy_tools 2) https://www.wsj.com/articles/zimbabwe-money-aa13a052?mod=hp_featst_pos5 3) https://news.sky.com/video/jamaican-bank-releases-reggae-song-on-inflation-12058864 please I need a short summary of these articles.arrow_forwardb. Why do some people say that inflation is a tax? Who pays that tax? Who collects that tax? How does it work exactly? Does your answer depend on whether the world is best described by a general equilibrium (Classica economics) or disequilibrium (Keynesian)? c. Economists say that, in response to a wage rate increase, the overall labor supply may increase, decrease or remain unchained. Why aren't economists more certain about the consequences of something as simpl as a wage increase? d. The introduction of the ATM machine led to a period of price level increases. Why? Explain your answer intuitively. e. What is the "intertemporal labor substitution" effect (also known as the "Uber" effect)? Although you can use with a numerical example to illustrate your answer, make sure you explain it with words.arrow_forward
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