If Vin exceeded Vref in a real ADC IC, would it actually damage the IC? If not, what would the binary output values be for a given Vin that was larger than Vref? Refer to the data sheet of the National Semiconductor ADC0804 IC and check the absolute maximum ratings & electrical characteristics section to reinforce your understanding

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Analog to Digital Converters

The analog-to-digital converter (ADC) allows circuits controlled by microprocessors, Arduinos, Raspberry Pi, and various reasonable digital circuits to be connected to the real world. In the real world, analog signals have a continuous stream of information from a variety of sources and sensors capable of measuring sound, light, temperature, or movement, in addition to the many digital systems that interact with their environment by measuring analog signals from those transducers.