IDENTIFICATION OF BLOOD CELLS       Fill out the table below. CELL TYPE Identifying Characteristics One major unique function Normal number per µL Erythrocyte       Neutrophil       Eosinophil       Basophil       Lymphocyte       Monocyte

Circulatory Physiology

    IDENTIFICATION OF BLOOD CELLS

1.       Fill out the table below.

    LEUKOCYTES AND BLOOD TYPING

1.       Which leukocyte is most important in combating bacterial infection? Why?
2.       Which leukocyte is responsible for the production of antibodies?
3.       Which leukocyte plays the most important role in ridding the body of immune complexes (antigen–antibody aggregates)?
4.       Which leukocyte releases vasodilators and anticoagulants?
5.       In normal blood, which leukocyte is the rarest? and which leukocyte is the most numerous?
6.       Keeping in mind the primary function of the erythrocyte, explain why the biconcave disk shape is ideal for this cell.
7.       What does the term Rh+ mean? What does the term Rh– mean?
8.       What are some sources of error in the slide method of typing blood?
9.   What is the difference between agglutination and coagulation?
10.   In terms of antigens and antibodies, what does the blood type AB– mean
11.   Explain the difference between minor agglutination and major agglutination.
12.   When blood is transfused into a recipient, it is carefully matched. In an emergency situation, an exact match may not be possible. Assuming that there are no incompatibilities outside of the ABO–Rh system, list the types of whole blood that could be given to persons of the following types without major agglutination:

  RED BLOOD CELL COUNT

1.   What is the normal count for adult male and adult female?
2.   What factors besides gender affect the count?
3.   Define the following:

a)    Polycythemia vera

b)   Erythropenia

HEMOGLOBIN CONTENT, HEMATOCRIT, AND RED CELL INDICES

1.   What dietary factors are essential for hemoglobin formation?
2.   What is the major function of hemoglobin?
3.   Why are frequent blood donations hazardous for the donor?
4.   If the hemoglobin content of blood is below normal, will the hematocrit ratio always be below normal in the same individual? Why or why not?
5.   Define:

a)       Normochromic

b)     Hypochromic

c)       Hyperchromic

d)     Microcytic

e)     Macrocytic

1.  Hemoglobin and hematocrit values are generally lower for females than for males. Why?

      HEMOSTASIS: THE PLATELET COUNT, BLEEDING TIME, AND COAGULATION TIME

1.   Define the following:

a)       Hemostasis

b)     Coagulation

c)       Hemophilia

d)     Thrombocytopenia

e)     Serum

  Outline the three stages of blood coagulation.

a)      Stage I

b)     Stage II

c)     Stage III

1.   Both prothrombin and fibrinogen are normally present in the plasma, yet clotting usually occurs only in the presence of vascular damage. Why?
2.   Red blood cells need not be present for coagulation to occur. How can this fact be demonstrated?

      WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT

1.   Define the following:

a)       Leukopenia

b)     Leukemia

c)       Monocytosis

d)     Neutropenia

e)     Neutrophilia

1.   Why does eosinophilia occur in allergic disorders?
2.   Lymphocytosis is common in many infectious diseases. Why?

    HEART

1.   What is the function of pericardial fluid?
2.   Define the following:

a)       Absolute refractory period

b)     Extrasystole

c)       Compensatory pause

1.   Can cardiac muscle exhibit (normally or under experimental conditions) summation or complete tetanus as does skeletal muscle? Why not?
2.   Does the human heart spend more time in diastole or more time in systole (assume a heart rate of 72 beats per minute)? Of what benefit is this?
3.   Which of the following valves are open and which are closed during systole of the ventricle?

a)       Pulmonary semilunar

b)     Aortic semilunar

c)       Mitral

d)     Tricuspid

1.   Why is adrenaline used in some cases of heart stoppage in humans?
2.   Define heart block. What are the possible causes of heart block?
3.   Define the following:

a)       Systolic pressure

b)     Diastolic pressure

c)       Pulse pressure

d)     Mean arterial pressure

1.   Why is the brachial artery used for determining arterial blood pressure? Name one other artery that could be used.
2.   List four factors that may affect arterial blood pressure.
3.   List four factors that may affect pulse rate.