Human immunodeficiency virus entered human populations after evolving from a simian immunodeficiency virus. Nikolaas Tinbergen (1963), proposed explaining shifts in traits from two perspectives: dynamic versus static, and proximate versus ultimate. This framework can be used to understand the evolution of a trait in four ways: (i) causation (proximate/static): the mechanism of the trait as it works in the present; (ii) survival value (ultimate static): how function of the trait enhances survival or reproduction; (iii) ontogeny (proximate dynamic): the development of the trait in an individual; and, (iv) evolution (ultimate/dynamic): the phylogenetic history of the trait. Use these categories to discuss the causes for the virus shifting to humans from other primates.

Q: 5c. What causes the CO2 level in the atmosphere to decrease in the summer months in the northern…

A: Photosynthesis is the most important process which decides the levels of carbon dioxide in the…

Q: Choose an example of evolution that we have discussed in class. Use this example to demonstrate that…

A: Evolution is the process by which different species of organisms develop and change over time. It is…

Q: Which of the following steps occurs first in cell to cell communication? O A membrane protein…

A: Cell communication is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis, balancing the internal…

Q: What is herd immunity? How does it protect us against illnesses?

A: Herd immunity is a concept that describes the resistance to the spread of a disease within a…

Q: Define the element based on its composition. I am currently in biolgy 141 general biology.

A: A chemical element is a species of atoms, including the pure substance made entirely of that…

Q: what is the fifth concept used for understanding plants ?

A: Introduction :  Plants play a significant role in both human life and vegetation. They provide us…

Q: 4. In the table below, describe the roles of the extraembryonic membranes. Amnion Allantois Chorion…

A: Four membranes known as extraembryonic membranes aid in the growth of an animal's embryo. These…

Q: True or false Edward Jenner first proposed protective vaccine against plague in the 18th century.…

A: Plague is a bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. It is primarily transmitted…

Q: 1. All organisms use similar energy-carrying molecules which shows the "grand unity of life". Name 2…

A: The universal 2 energy carrying molecules are ATP and NADH or in case of plants NADPH.

Q: 14. What is an anticodon? a. The three tRNA bases that pair with a specific amino acid. b. The three…

A: What is anticodon? Option b. The three tRNA bases that pair with a specific codon in an mRNA.

Q: AY is a 50 year old woman who was prescribed Atorvastatin (Lipitor ®) 40 mg od last week. Today, she…

A: AY, a 50-year-old woman, arrived in with complaints of muscular discomfort and weakness,…

Q: Which of the following would not be classified as an initiating carcinogen? a. Water b. Benzopyrene…

A: Carcinogens are substances or exposure to radiation that have the potential to increase an…

Q: Imagine you are a student in Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase's lab in the late 1940s. You are given…

A: Hershey and Chase experiment was just like a milestone in the history of genetics.By this experiment…

Q: Briefly discuss Parkinson's disease in terms of aetiology, neuropathology and clinical presentation…

A: Parkinson's disease impacts the neurological system and the areas that are under the regulation of…

Q: ACTIVITY 7 1. Describe the influence of the nervous system on the body.

A: INTRODUCTION The nervous system is a highly complicated component and organizes its actions and…

Q: s false regarding the role of mediator complex in eukaryotic transcription

A: a. Mediator complex interacts with RNA pol II

Q: 7-Moulds and yeast related to: A-Bacteria B-Viruses   C-Parasites D-Fungi

A: Molds feed on dead plant or animal tissue. They are a part of our natural environment and can be…

Q: Describe the function of electrochemical immunosensors and how it can work on patients to detect it…

A: An affinity biosensor known as an immunosensor relies on associations between a particular antigen…

Q: DEFINITIONS OF SCIENCE

A: 1.  Zoology ---​​​​Zoology is the scientific study of animals...Includes function, structure and…

Q: 10-Corynebacterium diphtheria related to: A-g+ve cocci   B-g-ve cocci C-g-ve rods D-g+ve rods

A: The nasopharynx or skin can be infected with Corynebacterium diphtheriae. A strong exotoxin secreted…

Q: 6-Candida albicans cause______infection A-Bacterial B-Viral C-Fungal D-Parasital

A: A fungus called Candida albicans, which may be found in the mouth, and intestines, is a small-scale…

Q: Do free-living amoebae cause illness in man? If so, enumerate some of these opportunistic amoeba and…

A: Introduction: Acanthamoeba spp., Balamuthia mandrillaris, Naegleria fowleri, and sappinia are…

Q: GIARDIA LAMBILA , Ascaris lumbricoides are common parasites found in Guyana and discuss the…

A: Introduction  There are many life forms that are pathogenic to humans. Some live as a parasite…

Q: 5. Which function is controlled by the somatic division of the PNS? voluntary muscle movements blood…

A: The science of humankind via the effects and interactions of many different academic disciplines,…

Q: 9. Which hormone is called a "natural painkiller?" cortisol a. b. C. d. prolactin endorphins…

A: Pain, whether physical or emotional, is something that is an all-too-familiar experience for many of…

Q: Flatworms show bilateral symmetry and some cephalization.   True   False   Some parasitic…

A: Carl Linneaus form animal kingdom along with other 4 kingdom. Under animal kingdom, animals are…

Q: Which of the following statements is true about NHEJ (Non-Homologous End Joining) repair? a. This is…

A: Non-homologous end joining(NHEJ) is basically a repair pathway.It mainly repairs double-strand…

Q: What does cortisol do in the acute response to stress? O Prepares the body for fighting an…

A: Introduction: The body responds to cortisol in a variety of ways, including by activating the…

Q: explain the steps of what might happen inside a healthy mammary gland epithelial cell after it is…

A: UV light, or ultraviolet light, is a type of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength that is…

Q: Beadle and Tatum removed arginine and other substances from the nutrient medium of the mutated…

A: Beadle and Tatum experimentally proved the "one gene one enzyme" hypothesis. They took wild-type…

Q: What type of bond occurs when electrons are shared between atoms? hydrogen bonds covalent bonds…

A: There are different types of biological interactions occur in the molecules.The bonds present in the…

Q: Select all correct answers. A molecule is likely to be hydrophilic if it 0000 contain nonpolar…

A: The word "hydrophilic" derives from the Greek words "hydro," which means "water," and "philic,"…

Q: Viruses are not typically considered living organisms because they contain no biological molecules…

A: A virus is a small infectious agent that consists of genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a…

Q: Describe the electrochemical immunosensors that works on treating different type of cancer, how it…

A: INTRODUCTION Electrochemical Immunosensors: In an electrochemical immunosensor, the target molecules…

Q: 3. Explain what the central dogma of molecular biology is?

A: ANSWER: This fundamental principle of molecular biology states that there is a predetermined path…

Q: draw the p21 promoter in a cell with E2F

A: Promoters play a crucial role in gene regulation. They can be activated or repressed by various…

Q: what does it mean by  Genetic and genomic research can have social and environmental implications.…

A: Genetics is the study of genes present in the genomes of an organism. Genomics is associated with a…

Q: Any break in the chain of infection prevents the spread of disease.   Question 4 options:   a)…

A: True.

Q: Which of the following is not true regarding gene regulation that involves DNA bending? a. The…

A: Gene Regulations or regulation of gene expression includes a wide range of mechanisms that's turning…

Q: 5. In the image below, the focus lines are shown. What can be done to bring the apple into focus? O…

A: In the image, To bring the apple in focus, Move the apple farther from the eye.

Q: 2. Consider the scenario where a DNA mutation occurs in a person's skin cells, where the gene p53…

A: ANSWER: Because p53 is a gene that helps prevent cancer from developing, having a mutation in it…

Q: 2. In Glycolysis, glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules, how many ATP are needed to…

A: Glycolysis is the process that helps to produce pyruvate from glucose. This process is much needed…

Q: Augmentin (600mg/5mL) 40 mg/kg/dose po TID. How many milliliters are given with each dose? Weight:…

A: Introduction :  A mixture of amoxicillin and potassium clavulanate is present in augmentin.…

Q: What does Homeostasis mean and can i have some examples?

A: Introduction: Any self-regulating process called homeostasis helps biological systems to maintain…

Q: Think back to the BIOL-151 lab where you were introduced to microscopes. What is the formula you…

A: For a microscope, field of view or FOV is defined as the range of the observable area measured in…

Q: what might happen to a cell that was damaged by UV light and that has E2 inside the cell

A: UV ray is a radiation that is a form of non ionizing radiation . Which emitted by the sun. It use to…

Q: Simulate mitosis and meiosis. For simplicity, assume the cell has two homologous chromosomal pairs…

A: Mitosis: Mitosis is the process where the mother cell divides and produces two new cells called the…

Q: iCQ5) viruses are able to by using the enzyme integrase. a) Lysogenic; Release from the cell without…

A: An infectious bacterium called a virus is made up of a protein-coated fragment of nucleotides.

Q: When a food handler doesn't wash their hands after using the bathroom and introduces noravirus…

A: Introduction  Any change in the body's physicality or function causing discomfort or disability is…

Q: Why are petri dishes ALWAYS stored and incubated upside down?   Question 17 options:   a)  helps…

A: ANSWER) Petri dish is a transparent dish which is shallow and is used with the purpose of holding…

Genetic Variation

Genetic variation refers to the variation in the genome sequences between individual organisms of a species. Individual differences or population differences can both be referred to as genetic variations. It is primarily caused by mutation, but other factors such as genetic drift and sexual reproduction also play a major role.

Quantitative Genetics

Quantitative genetics is the part of genetics that deals with the continuous trait, where the expression of various genes influences the phenotypes. Thus genes are expressed together to produce a trait with continuous variability. This is unlike the classical traits or qualitative traits, where each trait is controlled by the expression of a single or very few genes to produce a discontinuous variation.