How many cycles of the beta-oxidation sequence need to be executed to convert a C18 fatty acid into acetyl-CoA? Check the correct one: ( ) 7 ( ) 9 ( ) 11 ( ) 8 ( )10

Ketone bodies are used as an alternative source of fuel during starvation. Describe how ketones are synthesized.

GTP or ATP is produced during the conversion of isocitrate into ketoglutarate succinyl CoA into succinate fumarate into malate malate into oxaloacetate

Extending the Mechanism of Methylmalonyl-CoA Mutase to Similar Reactions Based on the mechanism for the methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (see problem 14), write reasonable mechanisms for the following reactions shown.

Examine the ActiveModel for alcohol dehydrogenase and describe the structure and function of the catalytic zinc center.

The Reactions and Meehanisms of the Leloir Pathway Write the reactions that permit galactose to be utilized in glycolysis. Write a suitable mechanism, tor one of these reactions.

Understanding the Mechanism of the HMC-CoA Synthase Reaction Write a suitable mechanism for the HMG-CoA synthase reaction. What is the chemistry that drives this condensation reaction?

The Energetic Cost of Nitrogen Excretion via the Urea Cycle How many ATP equivalents are consumed in the production of 1 equivalent of urea by the urea cycle?

Ethanol as a Source of Metabolic Energy (Integrates with Chapters 19 and 20.) Acetate produced in ethanol metabolism can be transformed into acetyl-COA by the acetyl thiokinase reaction: Acetate+ATP+CoASHacetyleCoA+AMP+PPiAcetyle-CoA then can enter the citric acid cycle and undergo oxidation to 2 CO2by this route, assuming oxidative phosphorylation is part of the process? (Assume all reactions prior to acetyl-CoA entering the citric acid cycle occur outside the mitochondrion). Per carbon atom, which is a better metabolic fuel, ethanol or glucose? That is, how many ATP equivalents per carbon atom are generated by combustion of glucose versus ethanol to CO2?

Amino acids are not stored in the body. Describe how excess amino acids are processed in the cell.