How is the melting curve of duplex DNA aff ected by adding a small amount of ethanol?

Why do longer DNA molecules move more slowlythan shorter ones during electrophoresis?

What would be the anticipated caloric energy needed to construct the human genome from scratch (approximately 3 billion base pairs on 23 individual chromosomes in a diploid state)? Assume that all the purine and pyrimidine bases are pre-existing and abundant ATP and replicating enzymes are not limiting. What would be the estimated daily energy requirement to maintain nuclear supercoiled DNA available for synthetic activities and not quiescent?

How would you estimate the size of the unknown DNA fragement just by looking at the gel?

The E. coli genome has a superhelical density in vivo of about 0.06. Assuming the DNA has 10.5 bp/turn, what is the expected writhing number of the E. coli genome?

Explain why DNA fragments migrate in a gel electrophoresis. Which fragments migrate farthest: large or small?

Human cells have approximatelly 6,000,000,000 base pairs. How many errors per replication occur?

How are DNA molecules visualized in a gel after electrophoresis? Why do DNA molecules migrate toward the + electrode? What determines the rate of their migration? What is the effect of PEG on DNA fragments of different sizes? How is this influenced by the concentration of PEG?

DNA gyrase decreases the number of positive supercools. What is the result of this process?

Base analysis of DNA from maize (corn) shows it to have 23 mole percent cytosine (moles per 100 moles total nucleotide). What are the percentages of the other three bases?