How is the malate shuttle used in the liver to increase the number of ATP generated from glycolysis? Contrast this with how NADH from glycolysis is dealt with in the muscle.

Plants have alternate ways of getting respiratory substrates to the point of triose-phosphate of glycolysis.  After that, plants have alternative steps during the carbon oxidation phase of glycolysis that affect whether or not ATP is synthesized during glycolysis.  What are these various alternatives before and after triose-phosphate?  Why are they used?  How do they affect the ATP use and yield from glycolysis?

In transamination processes, pyridoxal phosphate is an essential coenzyme. This coenzyme has previously been observed in glycogen metabolism. Pyridoxal phosphate is required by which enzyme in glycogen metabolism, and what function does the coenzyme perform in this enzyme?

What is the overall net reaction of glycolysis? C6H12O6 + 2 NADH + 2 P₁ + 2 ATP --> 2 C3H3O3 + 2 NAD+ + 2 H+ + 2 H₂O + 2 ADP C6H12O6 + 2 NAD+ + 4 P₁ + 4 ADP --> 2 C3H3O3 + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 H₂O + 4 ATP Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 P₁ + 2 ADP --> 2 C3H3O3 + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 H₂O + 2 ATP Glucose + 2 FAD + 2 P; + 2 ADP --> 2 Pyruvate + 2 FADH₂ + 2 H+ + 2 H₂O + 2 ATP C6H12O6 + 2 NAD+ + 2 P₁ + 2 ADP --> Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 H₂O + 2 ATP

Which of the following conditions is most likely to lead to the activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase? High concentrations of acetyl-CoA High concentrations of NADH High concentrations of NAD+ High concentrations of CO2

In glycolysis, pyruvate kinase produces what high energy product and what low energy product?

What type of regulation would be expected when anaerobic metabolism is occurring in the muscle? Select all that apply. 1. Activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 2. Increased levels of calcium to activate pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase 3. Phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase 4. Inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex 5. Increased levels of NADH to activate citrate synthase 6. Increased levels of NADH to inhibit alpha-ketogluterate dehydrogenase complex 7. Increased levels of acetyl CoA to activate pyruvate carboxylase for gluconeogenesis

What type of regulation would be expected when anaerobic metabolism is occurring in the muscle? Select all that apply. O Activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase O Increased levels of calcium to activate pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase O Phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase O Inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex O Increased levels of NADH to activate citrate synthase O Increased levels of NADH to inhibit alpha-ketogluterate dehydrogenase complex O Increased levels of acetyl CoA to activate pyruvate carboxylase for gluconeogenesis

Consider the last few minutes of a tough race, when the runner's energy reserves are depleted. Explain the advantage of converting pyruvate to lactate in muscle cells during intense anaerobic effort (i.e. in the absence of oxygen).

Which of the following is higher during high levels of glutathione reductase and NADP? SH A но (GSH) OH NH2 NH2 HO OH ;-CH-CH2-CH2-C-NH-CH–ċ–NH–CH2- CH2 В (GSSG) CH2 -CH-CH;-CH2=C-NH–C NH-CH–Ç-NH-CH2-C HO OH NH2