How does the Capsule produced by S. pneumoniae allow them to have deep lung tissue invasion, also explain the mechanism how the capsule thwarts phagocytosis.

Q: Describe two mechanisms that bacteria use to invade via mucous membranes.

A: The membrane that lines the several body cavities is called the mucosal membrane. This membrane…

Q: Encapsulated organisms can be phagocytized once antibodies against the capsule have been produced.…

A: Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms that have an undefined nucleus and nuclear membrane. Most of the…

Q: Are the bacteria that cause Lyme disease likely to develop antibiotic resistance? Why or why not

A: Antibiotic resistance refers to the phenomenon in which certain bacteria and fungi develop…

Q: Discuss how Plasmodium falciparum transitions from the salivary glands of the mosquito to the red…

A: Malaria is a serious disease that occurs in humans through the bite of a female (Anopheles) mosquito…

Q: List examples of lysogenic conversion

A: Bacteria are single-celled living beings. The cell structure is simpler than that of various living…

Q: What is resident flora? How might resident flora prevent infection AND cause infection?

A: Introduction: The phrase "normal flora" refers to the varied microbial population that resides on an…

Q: Diphtheria (diphtheria) spread through direct contact and aerosolized expulsions. C. diphtheriae…

A: Corynebacteria is defined as type of aerobic gram-positive, facultative intracellular, non-spore…

Q: Describe the process of infection by Mycobacteriumtuberculosis. Does infection always lead to…

A: Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis in humans. The causative agent of this disease is a…

Q: Why does C. diphtheriae have such a high requirement for iron as the  organism is aerobic?

A: The Diptheria toxin contains large amounts of amino nitrogen and catalyzes a chemical reaction in…

Q: What causes Chlorella variabilis to be inaccessible to its host or has a narrow range of hosts?…

A: Chlorella variabilis is an algae belonging to class Trebouxiophyceae. This microalgae can be found…

Q: With the involvement of bacterial enzymes, explain the rationale behind Helicobacter pylori using…

A: Helicobacter pylori is a ureolytic, neutralophilic, gram-negative bacteria that can colonize the…

Q: Where did the oxygen in the atmosphere come from?

A: Step 1 The origin of photosynthesis occurred with the evolution of a light-harvesting pigment…

Q: How does V. Cholerae regulate synthesize of cholera toxin genetically, at what time the toxin is…

A: Cholera is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The disease's lethal symptoms are caused by a…

Q: Explain why babies with agammaglobulinemia do not develop opportunistic         infections until…

A: "Until around 2 to 3 months, the infant's immune system does not develop," Dr. Sabella says. The…

Q: Explain the mechanism underlying the molecular structure of C7, C8, and C9 complement protein

A: The complement system consist of 35 proteins found within the plasma or sure to host cells, forms an…

Q: levels of antibody to SARS-CoV2 has been used to treat patients with severe COVID-19. What is ONE…

A: The innate immune responses are the first line of defense against invading pathogens. They are also…

Q: How do Salmonella cells induce ruffling?

A: Some dramatic actin rearrangements occur on the membrane surface which are induced by the Salmonella…

Q: How is Saccharomyces cerevisiae helpful to humans?

A: Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a type of yeast. Yeast is a eukaryotic unicellular organism that belongs…

Q: Mycobacteria tuberculosis and Rickettsia

A: Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a pathogenic that bacteria from the family Mycobacteriaceae and the…

Q: How do intracellular microorganisms stimulate cytotoxicT cells? What role do helper T cells play in…

A: T-cells are one of the immune cells responsible for providing an immune response in the body, and…

Q: Give typing answer with explanation and conclusion    Erysipelas caused by Streptococcus pyogenes…

A: It is false that erysipelas caused by Streptococcus pyogenes remain in the primary area. This is…

Q: SARS-CoV-2 was shown to be transmissible even when the carrier has no symptoms. How did this…

A: SARS virus is a positive strand RNA virus and belongs to coronavirus family.

Q: explain

A: The beta hemolytic bacteria are the bacterias that causes complete hemolysis of the RBC in the blood…

Q: Describe the complement system. Is the order ofprotein interactions important? Why or why…

A: Since its disclosure in the nineteenth century, the complement system has formed into a clinically…

Q: Why are there so many mutations? What are the bacterial defense system differences from SARS-Cov 2…

A: Abrupt changes inside the DNA that may or may not change the amino acids sequence in a protein is…

Q: What is the principle of the coagulase test result? How does coagulase contribute to the virulence…

A: Coagulase test is used to detect whether the microbes present in media produce coagulase or not.

Q: Which statement is right the polyclonal antibody is expensive to produce the monoclonal antibody…

A: Antibodies are giant Y-shaped proteins known as immunoglobulins that are created by B cells as a…

Q: Recent evidence points towards a global increase in cases of multi drug and total drug resistant…

A: Mycobacterium: Mycobacterium is a genus of aerobic, acid-fast, gram-positive bacteria. There are…

Q: How can C3b be both a product of complement activation and an activator of the complement system?

A: In a complement system, the presence of foreign pathogens triggers the C3 protein.

Q: Describe the mechanism of the classical complement pathway and discuss the critical role that the…

A: Introduction :- One of three pathways that activate the complement system, which is part of the…

Q: What virulence factor, present in Streptococcuspneumoniae but absent from Salmonella enterica,…

A: A disease is a state of unhealthiness of the physical body, mind and social interaction. A disease…

Q: How the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in lungs aggravate the condition of patient having Cystic…

A: The airways of sufferers of cystic fibrosis (CF) are exceptionally complicated, involved with…

Q: What are the effects of anti biotic resistance in cyystoc fibrosis patients

A: Anti-microbial obstruction results from microorganisms changing in manners that make those…

Q: What activities would be associated with an increased risk ofHistoplasma capsulatum infection?

A: Histoplasmosis is a kind of lung infection and is caused by inhalation of fungus spores of…

Q: How do Schistosoma species avoid antibodies?

A: Schistosoma species avoid antibodies as the mimic the host by coating themselves with the host blood…

Q: Why should B cells residing in the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues produce IgA?

A: Antibodies are glycoprotein molecules that are concerned with the Humoral immune response of the…

Q: Describe the mechanism by which PrP is infectious

A: Prions are unique . They are abnormally folded pathogenic  proteins . They causes Transmissible…

Q: Microb Which mechanism(s) of complement activation starts or initiates the complement response.…

A: Complement is a part of immune system. Activation of complement helps in the elimination of…

Q: Explain how modified secretory pathways in bacteria can lead to increased virulence and…

A: Pathogenic bacteria use a number of methods to attack host cells. It can severely damage host tissue…

Q: How long does Saccharomyces boulardii stay in system?

A: Saccharomyces boulardii is a type of yeast. Yeast is a eukaryotic unicellular organism that belongs…

Q: he name of the waxy chemical found in Mycobacterium cell walls that promotes immunevasion?

A: Neither absolutely gram-negative nor gram-positive, the envelope of mycobacteria  is planned to…

Q: Describe the mechanism used by Tc cells to recognize infectedhost cells.

A: Immune system protects the body against infection. Cells involved in immune functions are known as…

Q: E. Discuss the difference between Amoebic from Bacillary Dysentery.

A: * Since you have asked multiple questions in a single question. So only 1st question i.e. E will be…

Q: What are the roles of inflammatory response genes in adenocarcinoma tumours in regards to bowel…

A: A cell needs to divide for growth and development. But some environmental genetic mutations result…