Answered: How does an action potential differ…

How does an action potential differ from a local potential?How do depolarizing and hyperpolarizing gradedpotentials affect the likelihood of generating an actionpotential?

Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap Course List)

9th Edition

ISBN:9781285866932

Author:Lauralee Sherwood

Publisher:Lauralee Sherwood

Chapter4: Principles Of Neural And Hormonal Communication

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 4TAHL: Assume presynaptic excitatory neuron A terminates on a postsynaptic cell near the axon hillock and...

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Question

How does an action potential differ from a local potential?
How do depolarizing and hyperpolarizing graded
potentials affect the likelihood of generating an action
potential?

Expert Solution

Step 1

Nerve cells conduct electrical impulses to bring out a certain biochemical reaction. When a sudden and quick transitory alteration occurs in the potential of the resting membrane, an action potential is generated.

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Assume presynaptic excitatory neuron A terminates on a postsynaptic cell near the axon hillock and presynaptic excitatory neuron B terminates on the same postsynaptic cell on a dendrite located on the side of the cell body opposite the axon hillock. Explain why rapid firing of presynaptic neuron A could bring the postsynaptic neuron to threshold through temporal summation, thus initiating an action potential, whereas firing of presynaptic neuron B at the same frequency and the same magnitude of EPSPs may not bring the postsynaptic neuron to threshold.
What is a graded potential? Where does a graded potential start in a neuron? Do graded potentials always result in an action potential? Are all graded potentials depolarizing? Why or why not? Where are action potentials started in a neuron and what is the threshold potential to do so in a neuron?
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Name the three phases of an action potential. Describe for each the underlying molecular basis and the ion involved. Why is the term voltage-gated channel applied to Na+ channels involved in the generation of an action potential?
Which are the three different phases of action potential and what characterizes each?
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In the figure to the left, name the 4 phases of the action potential (Note: you have to write in where phase 4 occurs). Describe what happens in each phase with a focus on Na+ and K+ flow through channels and the membrane potential. Discuss the importance of threshold. How does this relate to the concept of APs being all or none?