H₂C OH OH H+ CH3 Esters can be synthesized by an acid-catalyzed nucleophilic acyl substitution between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid; this process is called the Fischer esterification reaction. Because the alcohol oxygen is a poor nucleophile, the carbonyl carbon is made a better electrophile by protonation of the carbonyl oxygen. The steps of the synthesis are all reversible. The reaction is generally driven to completion by using an excess of the liquid alcohol as a solvent, or by distilling off the product as it forms. Draw curved arrows to show the movement of electrons in this step of the mechanism. Arrow-pushing Instructions 22 +X 0-4 :0: H₂O CH3 CH3 Hvo

ОН Type of reaction 1-Propanol is heated Type of reaction H+, Heat IZ + t 1- NaOH

Ethyl butyrate, CH3CH2CH2CO2CH2CH3, is an artificial fruit flavor commonly used in the food industry for such flavors as orange and pineapple. Its fragrance and taste are often associated with fresh orange juice, and thus it is most commonly used as orange flavoring.It can be produced by the reaction of butanoic acid with ethanol in the presence of an acid catalyst (H+): CH3CH2CH2CO2H(l)+CH2CH3OH(l)H+⟶CH3CH2CH2CO2CH2CH3(l)+H2O(l). The chemist discovers a more efficient catalyst that can produce ethyl butyrate with a 78.0% yield. How many grams would be produced from 8.50 gof butanoic acid and excess ethanol? Express your answer in grams to three significant figures.

Identify the best reagents to complete the following reaction. HO, CI

Can you draw the mechanism for the synthesis of cyclohexene from cyclohexanol through an acid-catalyzed dehydration reaction. Where  Phosphoric acid donates a proton ((H^+)) to the hydroxyl group of cyclohexanol, forming a protonated cyclohexanol intermediate.    •    The protonated cyclohexanol undergoes dehydration, leading to the removal of a water molecule and the formation of cyclohexene.    •    The released proton combines with water to form hydronium ion (H3O+), regenerating the catalyst. The mechanism should illustrate the acid-catalyzed dehydration process, where phosphoric acid facilitates the removal of water from cyclohexanol, resulting in the formation of cyclohexene.

What is the role of phosphoric acid in the synthesis of cyclohexene? it is an antioxidant that prevents free radical side reactions it is a safe, non-toxic solvent it lowers the boiling point of the reaction mixture (a colligative property of adding phosphoric acid to water) it protonates the hydroxyl of cyclohexanol to make it a better leaving group

H₂SO4, H₂O Choose the enol(s) that can be formed from the following oxymercration reaction. OH ОН OH HgSO4 ОН

Give the systematic (IUPAC) names for these molecules. Boononon cnolonongron. НаСНз CHОССH2СH2СНCHЗ CH3 phenyl propanoate |4-methyl pentane methanoat Incorrect. You mixed up the acyl and alkoxy portions of the molecule. Name the alkoxy part first, followed by the acyl part.

Methyllithium (CH3Li) is often used as a base in organic reactions. Predict the products of the following acid-base reaction.CH3CH2¬OH + CH3¬Li ¡

7 8 11 12 me CH3 H3C 3-butylpropanoate 2-butoxypropane propyl-2-butanoate 2-butylpropanoate H₂ C CH3