Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780134580999
Author: Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher: PEARSON
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Gregor Mendel never saw a gene, yet he concluded that some inherited factors were responsible for the patterns of inheritance he observed in peas. Similarly maps of Drosophila chroma zones were conceived by observing the patterns of inheritance of linked genes, not by observing the genes directly. Is it legitimate for biologists to claim the existence of objects and processes they cannot actually see? How do scientists know whether an explanation is correct?
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Step 1: What is genetics?
Genetics is the study of gene, genetic variation. Inherited factors are the traits which encode DNA and pass it from parents to offspring during the time of reproduction.
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- The Chromosome Theory Integrates which Aspects of Gene Behavior?arrow_forwardThis research exploited the principles of Mendelian genetics combined with the MCR technique to genetically manipulate fruit flies. Now, suppose you do a similar experiment. You perform two crosses: one that allows for Mendelian patterns of inheritance, and another that uses MCR with CRISPR-Cas9 to genetically edit the eye color of fruit flies. In fruit flies, the gene for eye color is located on the X chromosome. Red eyes (wild type, w+) are dominant to white eyes (mutant, w-). Let’s see how well you can predict genotype and phenotype ratios resulting from the two crosses. Genetic cross 1 (without MCR): Cross between a white-eyed male and a homozygous red-eyed female. Genetic cross 2 (with MCR): Cross between an MCR-element (carries the CRISPR-Cas9 construct) white-eyed male and a homozygous red-eyed female. Keep in mind, this technology converts a heterozygous genotype to a homozygous recessive genotype. Drag the labels to the table to fill in the genotypic and phenotypic ratios.arrow_forwardRunt is a Drosophila gene involved in development. Mutation of runt leads to an embryonic lethal phenotype in which every other segment in the body plan is missing. What class of developmental genes does runt belong to? O a) Pair-rule genes O b) Segment polarity genes Oc) Homeotic genes O d) Gap genesarrow_forward
- A new gene is being investigated in fruit flies. The recessive allele of this gene (b) causes the wings to develop a blue color, while the dominant allele (b+) permits wild-type colorless wings to develop. Preliminary studies indicate that this new gene is located on the X-chromosome. You decided to perform a two-point testcross to determine its positionrelative to the well-established garnet eyes gene (g). You cross a female heterozygous for both genes with a testcross male fly and obtain the male offspring results shown in table 1, below. Is the original female a coupling or repulsion heterozygote? What is the map distance between genes b and g?. Based on these results, gene b must be located between what two genes on the map? You perform another two-point testcross between gene b and gene v and obtained the results in table 2, below. Now, you can localize gene b to be specifically between which two genes?arrow_forwardIn c. elegans, genetics model organism, movement problems (unc) and small body size (sma) are encoded by two mutant alleles that are recessive to those that produce wild-type traits (unc+ and sma+). A worm homozygous for movement problems and small body is crossed with a worm homozygous for the wild-type traits. The F1 have normal movement and normal body size. The F1 are then crossed with worms that have movement problems and small body size in a testcross. The progeny of this testcross is: Normal movement, normal body size 210 Movement problems, normal body size 9 Normal movement, small body size 11 Movement problems, small body size 193 a)From the test cross results, can you tell if the two genes are on the same chromosome or not? Explain your reasoning. b)What phenotypic proportions would be expected if the genes for round eyes and white body were located on different chromosomes? (please explain hot to get to these conclusions)arrow_forwardIn the lab, you discover two yeast haploid mutants that cannot produce arginine. You cross them together and the resulting diploid produces arginine. If producing arginine is the wild type phenotype, what can you definitively conclude? A.The haploid strains have identical mutations in the same genes. B.The haploid strains have identical mutations in different genes. C.The haploid strains have mutations in different genes. D.The haploid strains have mutations in the same gene. E.The haploid strains must belong to the complementation group encoding the first enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway.arrow_forward
- Molecular geneticists have performed experiments in which they altered the number of copies of the bicoid gene in flies, affecting the amount of Bicoid protein produced. a. What would be the effect on development of an increased number of copies of the bicoid gene? b. What would be the effect of a decreased number of copies of bicoid? Justify your answers.arrow_forwardBefore Muller's discovery that radiation induces mutation, scientists had to work on spontaneous mutants that were found solely by phenotype differences in natural populations. Which of the features of Drosophila made it a fortuitous choice for Morgan and his colleagues? a. large number of visible phenotypes b. especially high rate of mutation c. both sexual and asexual reproduction d. having a long life cycle e. well-known biochemical pathwaysarrow_forwardImagine you are studying fruit flies with a mutation. During the lab experiments, it was discovered that the mutation is determined by a dominant allele. From the 100 fruit flies collected, 76 of them carry the mutation. Find the frequencey of the mutation and in words elaborate what did you assume to get this answer?arrow_forward
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