Given the following analysis of groundwater: a. Construct a bar chart of the constituents, expressed as CaCO3. b. Calculate total hardness, carbonate, and noncarbonate hardness, expressed as CaCO3. Ion Concentration (mg/L as ion) Ca2+ 103 Mg2+ 5.5 Na+ 16 HCO3 255 SO4²- 49 Cl 37

Given the following analysis of groundwater: a. Construct a bar chart of the constituents, expressed as CaCO3. b. Calculate total hardness, carbonate, and noncarbonate hardness, expressed as CaCO3. Ion Concentration (mg/L as ion) Ca2+ 103 Mg2+ 5.5 Na+ 16 HCO3 255 SO4²- 49 Cl 37

Structural Analysis

6th Edition

ISBN:9781337630931

Author:KASSIMALI, Aslam.

Publisher:KASSIMALI, Aslam.

Chapter2: Loads On Structures

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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Concept explainers

Groundwater Flow

The term groundwater refers to the water which is found beneath the earth's surface. Pores present in the soil and rocks with fractures make a passage for rainwater to enter the earth's surface and deposit as groundwater. The flow nature and direction of groundwater under the earth's surface directly impacts the strength and compressibility of the soil, which reflects its ability to support structural loads.

Question

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Unit operations question

Given the following analysis of groundwater:
a. Construct a bar chart of the constituents, expressed as CaCO3.
b. Calculate total hardness, carbonate, and noncarbonate hardness, expressed as CaCO3.
Ion
Concentration
(mg/L as ion)
Ca2+
103
Mg2+
5.5
Na+
16
HCO3
255
SO42-
49
CI-
37

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Step 1: Introduce the problem statement

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Step 2: Express given constituents in terms of CaCO3

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Step 3: Construct a bar chart of constituent elements

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Step 4: Determine total hardness

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Step 5: Determine carbonate hardness

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Step 6: Determine non-carbonate hardness

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