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Describe the role of coordinate genes, gap genes, pair rule genes, segment polarity genes, and homeotic genes in Drosophila development.
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- Describe the relationship between homeotic genes in Drosophila and in mice.Compare and contrast how maternal-effect genes, gap genes, and homeotic genes affect Drosophila development.Explain the functional roles of maternal-effect genes, gap genes, pair-rule genes, and segment-polarity genes in Drosophila development.
- Describe the expression pattern of the Drosophila geneeve in the early embryo.provide one example from the Drosophila AP toolkit for "Toolkit genes can be classified according to the phenotypes caused by their mutation. Similar mutant phenotypes often reflect genes that function in a single developmental pathway. Distinct pathways exist for the generation of body axes, for example, and for the formation and identity of fields."Discuss the role of homeotic genes in development. Explain what happens to the phenotype of a fruit fly when a gain-of-function mutation in a homeotic gene causes the protein to be expressed in an abnormal region of the embryo. What are the consequences of a loss-of-function mutation in such a gene?
- List the stages of Drosophila development.What would be the most likely effect on development of puncturing the posterior end of a Drosophila egg, allowing a small amount of cytoplasm to leak out, and then injecting that cytoplasm into the anterior end of another egg?It seems that developmental genetics boils down to a complex network of gene regulation. Try to draw a structure of this network for Drosophila. How many genes do you think are necessary to complete the developmental network for the fruit fly? How many genes do you think are needed for a network to specify one segment? Do you think it is more difficult to identify genes that are involved in the beginning, middle, or end of this network? Suppose you were trying to identify all of the genes needed for development in a chicken. Knowing what you know about Drosophila development, would you first try to identify genes necessary for early development, or would you begin by identifying genes involved in cell differentiation?
- Explain hoxA3 and HoxD3 genes are nearly equivalent yet they play distinct roles in the development of mouse.Name three possible factors contributing to early asymmetries in a developing embryo (i.e. what are the kinds of things early on that lead to the development of the body axes - dn, a/p, l/r, etc)? In the fruit fly drosophila melanogaster, the anterior-to-posterior body axis becomes segmented into distinct regions. explain the role of the genes bicoid and nanos in this process.Explain how loss-of-function mutations in the following categories of genes would affect the morphologies of Drosophila larvae: A. Gap genes B. Pair-rule genes C. Segment-polarity genes