For saturated fatty acids, these reactions can continue as you have drawn until all the carbons of the fatty acid have been oxidized to acetyl-CoA. What is problematic about an unsaturated fatty acid, such as C16:cis-9?

Phosphoglycerate mutase transfers a phosphoryl group from C3 of 3-phosphoglycerate to C2  position to give 2-phosphoglycerate. Why is it important to have the phosphoryl group at  position 2 rather than at C3? It was observed that the activity of some preparations of the  enzyme could be increased if catalytic (very small) amount of 2, 3-bisphosphoglycerate was  added to the enzyme. Give a possible explanation for this observation.

Fatty acid beta-oxidation consists of 4 steps that are repeated multiple times. Explain the purpose of step 2 and step 3 respectively.  (You don’t need to provide names of enzymes or intermediates!).

During glycogen synthesis, glucose-1P is converted into a molecule called UDPG. This reaction also cleaves uridine triphosphate (UTP) forming uridine monophosphate and pyrophosphate (PPi). Provide four reasons why UTP can be used to power this reaction (no diagrams necessary).