Figure Q3-1 The kelch repeat domain of galactose oxidase from D. dendroides (Problem 3-10). The seven individual B propellers are color coded and labeled. The 87 86 B1 85 N- and C-termini are indicated by N and C. B2 84 83
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Gene Interactions
When the expression of a single trait is influenced by two or more different non-allelic genes, it is termed as genetic interaction. According to Mendel's law of inheritance, each gene functions in its own way and does not depend on the function of another gene, i.e., a single gene controls each of seven characteristics considered, but the complex contribution of many different genes determine many traits of an organism.
Gene Expression
Gene expression is a process by which the instructions present in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are converted into useful molecules such as proteins, and functional messenger ribonucleic (mRNA) molecules in the case of non-protein-coding genes.
The so-called kelch motif consists of a four-
stranded β sheet, which forms what is known as a β pro-
peller. It is usually found to be repeated four to seven times,
forming a kelch repeat domain in a multidomain protein.
One such kelch repeat domain is shown in Figure Q3–1.
Would you classify this domain as an “in-line” or “plug-in”
type domain?
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- A Leu →Ala mutation at a site buried in the core of the enzyme lysozymeis found to be destabilizing. Explain the observed effect of this mutationon lysozyme stability by predicting how enthalpy (ΔH°), conformationalentropy (ΔS°peptide), and the hydrophobic effect (ΔS°solvent) are expected to change for the mutant compared to wild-type lysozyme. Explain how ΔG°for unfolding is affected by your predicted changes in enthalpy or entropy.A chain NH3 NH3 B chain Gly Phe 2. The protein pictured below is bovine insulin. Determine the number and the size of the fragments that would be generated upon treatment with the following: İle Val Val Asn Gln Gln 5 Ġln 5 His look for the cleavage points (a) without DTT and (b) with DTT. Cys Leu Cys S-S Cys Without DTT With DTT Ala Ģly Ser Ser Trypsin 10 Val 10 His Cys Leu Chymotrypsin Ser Val Leu Glu BrCN Tyr Ala 15 Gln 15 Leu Leu Тyr Ġlu Leu Ásn Val Тyr Cys 20 Çys 20 Gly Asn Glu Arg Reagent (source) Trypsin (bovine pancrease) Chymotrypsin (bovine pancrease) Staphylococcus V8 protease Pepsin (porcine pancrease) Cyanogen bromide (chemical)(CnBr) Specificity Lys, Arg (C) Phe, Trp, Tyr (C) Glu, Asp (C) Phe, Trp, Tyr (N) Met (C) Gly Phe 25 Phe Тyr Thr Pro Lys 30 ÁlaCell wall bullding block D-Ala-D-Alal-Lys-tail NH,Me Heptapeptide backbone R1 R. R2 ii) With the aid of the figure above showing the important features of the binding of Vancomycin (lower part) to a bacterial cell wall peptia discuss the antibiotic effect of Vancomycin. i) Vancomycin resistant strains often have a mutation in which one of the D-Ala moieties is exchanged to a D-lactate moiety. Discuss why this mutation makes the strain Vancomycin- resistant but still viable. iv) Glycoconjugate vaccines based on bacterial capsular polysaccharides have been used for 30 years without any need for changes in their structures, while the flu vaccine, based on attenuated or killed virus particles, requires many different structures and a check each time when there is an epidemic that the right vaccine is used. Discuss the reason behind this.
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- Effects of BPA on phosphorylation of MAPKfamily in RAW264.7 cells conclusionProteinase K should be used as the first step of DNA purification (before applying phenol CIA mixture) to remove most proteins. Proteinase K alone cannot remove all proteins from the lysate. Explain why the Proteinase K enzyme cannot remove ALL proteins from the cell lysate.The following amino acids that are often found inside globulin molecules are () A, Tyr B, Phe C, Asn D, Glu True of false 1. In the de novo synthesis of purine nucleotides and pyrimidine nucleotides, base rings are first synthesized and then corresponding nucleotides are formed with phosphoribose. () 2. Transcription is the process of transferring genetic information from DNA to RNA. DNA is synthesized under the catalysis of RNA polymerase, and the direction of synthesis is from the 5 'end to the 3' end. () 3. The change of protein conformation is caused by the breaking of covalent bonds within the molecule. () 4. In very high and very low pH solutions, amino acids exist mainly in non-ionic form. () 5. The active center of an enzyme usually consists of several amino acid residues adjacent to each other in the primary structure. ()