Explain the relationship between the variable number of tandem repeats in the insulin promoter (Class I versus Class III VNTR) and genetic susceptibility to autoimmune diabetes.
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Explain the relationship between the variable number of tandem repeats in the insulin promoter (Class I versus Class III VNTR) and genetic susceptibility to autoimmune diabetes.
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Solved in 2 steps
- Explain why in cells that are genetically NF1–/–, basal levels of GTP-bound activated Ras are higher than normal and respond to growth factor stimulation by increasing rapidly to far higher levels.Because of oxygen and nutrient requirements, cells in a tissue must reside within 100 μm of a blood vessel. Based on this information, explain why many malignant tumors often possess gain-of-function mutations in one of the following genes: βFGF, TGF-α, and VEGF.Compare and contrast the regulation of Ras with trimeric G proteins.
- Would the following alterations to Src be oncogenic? Explain. (a) The deletion or inactivation of the SH3 domain. (b) The mutation of Tyr 416 to Phe.Explain, why many cancer cells maintain high concentrations of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) in the microenvironment that surrounds them?How would a mutation in ras that leads to formation of a Ras proteinwith no GTPase activity affect a cell’s response to insulin?
- List the advantages of recombinant insulin.In 1994, the U.S. Public Health Service identified “10 Essential Public Health Services.” For each of the ten, briefly describe a specific activity that has been used in the response to COVID-19.a.What would happen if IKKbeta did not phosphorylate IkappaB? b.Why is it so hard to make cytokine therapies? c.Why would you use the MyD88 independent pathway versus the MyD88 dependent pathway?
- Explain with specific examples how oncogenic receptors would promote cellular proliferation in the absence of external growth factorsCancer-promoting mutations are likely to have different effects on the activity of proteins encoded byproto-oncogenes than they do on proteins encodedby tumor-suppressor genes. Explain.Briefly describe the mechanism by which Covid-19 affects the body system of concern.