Explain the concepts of natural killer cells and superantigens.

Q: Cell-mediated immunity is specifically effective against what type of target? Provide examples.

A: Immunology is a section of biology that includes the study of molecules, cells, and organs that…

Q: What do you mean by innate immunity? Give and explain the components of innate immunity.

A: Immunity is a state of being well or immune. It can also be explained as resistance shown by the…

Q: Explain the difference between affinity and avidity. For which immunoglobulin class might avidity be…

A: Affinity: The interaction that occurs between specific antibody with its corresponding antigen. The…

Q: Some Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) recognize nucleic acids, like RNA or DNA. Since our own…

A: The immune system is an important organ system in the body that plays a role in defense against…

Q: Describe some specific clinical applications of cytokinetherapies.

A: The immune system of the body protects the individual from the attack of external pathogens. The…

Q: Explain how cytotoxic T cells kill target cells.

A: APCs stands for antigen-presenting cells. They are a large group of a variety of cells that trigger…

Q: Cytokines and chemokines are major inflammatory mediators. Using examples explain their principal…

A: Inflammatory Mediators An inflammatory mediator is a type of messenger which basically acts on…

Q: For some time there has been evidence that the Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine provides…

A: The vaccine shows its response by acting on the immune system. BCG or bacilli Calmette-Guerin, is a…

Q: Describe the roles that phagocytic and nonphagocytic cells and plasma proteins such as complement…

A: The innate immune response is the primary defense present in all multicellular organisms. This…

Q: Briefly list three mechanisms by which monoclonal antibodies that bind to viruses or virally…

A: Microscopically small infectious organisms known as viruses can only replicate inside the cells of…

Q: link between the innate immunity and adaptive immunity is formed

A: Immunity is the resistance to disease. The two important components of immunity are innate and…

Q: Briefly account for the origins and actions of the major types ofinflammatory mediators and…

A: The immune system acts through various means to protect the body against foreign antigens and…

Q: “Type I interferons serve as the first line of defence against viral infections”. Give a schematic…

A: Type I interferons (IFNs) indeed serve as the first line of defense against viral infections. They…

Q: Describe how a vaccine can produce acquired immunity.

A: Immunity is defined as the ability of the immune system of a body to fight infectious agents. They…

Q: Describe the Function of type I interferon in preventing viral replication?

A: Immunity can be defined as the ability of an organism to fight against infections caused by a…

Q: how can allergen(a) responsible be identified

A: Here we have to discuss that how responsible allergen will be identified?

Q: Can host-cell defense molecules be mobilized by drugs to fight infection?

A: Defense mechanism in a human body is divided into two main categories: Innate (the defense mechanism…

Q: HIV can be treated with therapy, but there is a growing in the level of innate  immune activation…

A: Inanate immune system constitute first line of defense to HIV virus, paatern of association is the…

Q: Characterize pattern recognition receptors and pathogen-associatedmolecular patterns.

A: The immune system of the body is regulated by a network of cells that monitors the body for the…

Q: 6. Which two cytokines are the major cause of septic shock?

A: Septic shock is a serious problem that can happen when a disease in the body causes very low blood…

Q: Discuss the role of the innate immune response against pathogens

A: Innate immunity is also called non-specific immunity. It is one of the two main immunity seen in…

Q: Name the major components of the innate immune response and describe how each of them combats…

A: Innate immunity is present since birth. Innate immunity is non-specific and lacks memory.

Q: Explain the following concept in human physiology and cite clinical instances, where applicable A.…

A: An immune response is a reaction that occurs within an organism for the purpose of defending against…

Q: The innate immune system has to be able to detect foreign invaders.  Explain two ways that the…

A: Step 1 The innate immune system is a natural genotype-based system of defense elements with which an…

Q: Briefly describe the role of each in our innate defense system.

A: Innate defence system will help to increase the immunity power of the human being and to resist…

Q: Explain why IgG subclasses is most efficient at activating complement?

A: Ans: IgG is one of the class of antibody important in eliciting the immune response.

Q: why is the study of Immune checkpoint inhibitors important for basic immunology and human diseases

A: Commercial availability, longer life time, and high efficacy against cancer cells are only a few of…

Q: Compare the binding of MHC molecules to antigen with the binding of BCR to antigen.

A: The MHC(major histocompatibility complex) is a vast region of vertebrate DNA that contains a…

Q: Explain why the type of innate immune response used by the host during an infection is dependent…

A: The ability of an organism to fight against any foreign organism that may try to invade its body, is…

Q: Describes the relationship of the following terms using short terms: Adhesion Molecule(s) Anergic T…

A: An antigen is any substance, usually a protein or carbohydrate, that is capable of stimulating an…

Q: Describe the Cytopathic changes in cells and cell cultures infected by viruses.

A: Viruses are parasites that become active in their host cells only.

Q: It's the first day of university exams and Sarah has woken up with a sore throat, headache, muscle…

A: Viral infection-The infection which is caused by the virus is called viral infection. There are…

Q: Toll-like receptors represent an ancient pathogen-recognition system. The first pattern recognition…

A: The recent advancement of science has led to the discovery of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that…

Q: During inflammaion, host tissue may be damaged owing to the release of toxic oxygen derivatives…

A: Phagocytosis is a process in which a cell binds to the item it to engulf an item inward while…

Q: what are the benefit of 2nd generation anti-histamines over first generation.

A: Anti-histamines has anti-allergic and sedative properties. They react competitively with histamine…

Q: Using complete sentences, compare and contrast the of the innate and adaptive immune systems with…

A: The immune system is responsible for giving protection against foreign pathogenic organisms. White…

Defense Mechanism

Circumstances influence and compel people to behave in a certain way. One such behavior is a defense mechanism. It is employed by people to escape from unpleasant circumstances, thoughts and actions. Defense mechanisms are, thus, psychological strategies that help to avert and avoid unwanted feelings such as guilt or shame and situations such as threat and danger.