Describe how a superantigen such as toxic shock syndrome toxin can become lethal.

Q: Define transfection.

A: A mutation is a change or alteration in the nucleotide sequence of the genome of any organism.…

Q: After lambda infects a cell, how does it decide to create a lysogen? Name the major cis and trans…

A: Lambda Phage is a bacteriophage that primarily infects E. coli bacteria. It has a complex life cycle…

Q: Describe methods to control and destroy prions.

A: Prions are infectious protein particles that cause fatal neurodegenerative illnesses, such ad…

Q: Describe the classes of antibacterial drugs that act on DNA orRNA, and characterize their uses.

A: Antibacterial drugs refers to those chemical substance that are derived from biological sources or…

Q: What is the main problem with retroviral vectors?

A: Retroviral vectors are created by removing replication and disease-causing genes from the virus and…

Q: What are the types ofantigenic agents that mayconstitute vaccines?

A: An antigen is defined as any substance, either pathogen, cell metabolite, pollutant, pollen grains,…

Q: Some antigens are superantigen?

A: Superantigens are a class of antigens that result in excessive activation of the immune system.…

Q: How does specialized transduction differ from generalized transduction?

A: Transduction is a method of gene transfer in bacteria from donor to recipient using bacteriophage.…

Q: Describe the difference between an mRNA vaccine and a conventional vaccine?

A: A quick, safe, and efficient method of preventing deadly infections before someone becomes ill is…

Q: Explain the significance of antibiotic resistance.

A: Answer- Antibiotic resistance is the ability of the bacteria to resist the antibiotic.

Q: Name the substance that is made using modern techniques when specific genes of microorganisms cloned…

A: Genetic engineering is the process of using recombinant DNA technology to alter the genetic makeup…

Q: Briefly, explain specialized transduction and conjugation.

A: Transduction: It is the process by which foreign DNA is introduced into a cell by a virus or viral…

Q: explain  Resistance plasmids

A: Plasmid is a genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes,…

Q: Outline the steps of bacterial transformation.

A: The key step in molecular cloning is the bacterial transformation which is a process of horizontal…

Q: Describe how a plaque assay is used to detect and estimate the numbers of phage particles.

A: Plaque is a term used in microbiology for a clear zone on a bacterial culture plate that indicates…

Q: Describe Specialized transduction: transfer of specific genetic material by means of a virus…

A: Transduction is the process in which the foreign DNA is inserted into a cell by a viral vector or…

Q: Describe the modifications that result in resistance to heat, chemicals and radiation in bacteria

A: Ans- Bacteria are diverse organisms found everywhere on the earth in extreme conditions. One such…

Q: Outline the steps of bacterial transduction?

A: Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms. Some of them are injurious while some are beneficial to…

Q: Why are retroviruses prone to accumulating oncogenes?

A: Retro viruses can cause backward flow of information from RNA to DNA. They contains the enzyme…

Q: Explain the role of normal defenses in preventingdisease

A: The immune system is the body's natural defense against disease-causing organisms such as bacteria,…

Q: discuss the benefits and limitations of using a retroviral system or an adenovirus for the delivery…

A: Gene therapy involves the alteration of genes inside the cells of the body in order to treat or…

Q: In detail outline the common diagnostic tests for reproductive system disorders (include intext…

A: Common Diagnostic Tests for Reproductive System DisordersReproductive system disorders can affect…

Q: Describe how antibiotic resistance develops in bacteria.

A:

Q: Please List the similarities and differences of gene arrangements in BCR and TCR.

A: BCR and TCR are both immune complexes that recognise antigens and thus bind to these foreign…

Q: Explain how oseltamivir (Tamiflu) interferes with influenza virus replication.

A: The influenza virus is commonly known as the flu virus. An individual suffering from flu may…

Q: Due to the lack of any antiviral for a newly emergent virus, blood harvested from individuals who…

A: Sera or blood serum is the clear liquid devoid of clotting factors.  Some individuals infected by…

Q: Why are antibiotics and vaccines important? Explain the development of antibiotic resistance and…

A: Introduction :- Antibiotics are drugs or medications which are used to cure the bacterial diseases .…

Q: Describe what will happen to bacteria with dysfunctional restriction modification system providing…

A: Bacteria is a microorganism that has many defense mechanism to prevent the infections from the other…

Q: Describe the generation of multiple-drug-resistantplasmids

A: Drug inactivation or modification is one mechanism of drug resistance. Changes to the target site.…

Q: . a. Compare the means by which retroviral and AAVvectors deliver therapeutic genes to human…

A: The viruses are considered to be non-living when they are out of the host as they lack cellular…

Q: Why is the detection of viral RNA not equivalent to a high risk transmission method?

A: The detection of the viral RNA, detection of infectious virus and equivalent transmission risk are…

Q: Give an example where mutation breeding has been Successfully carried out for introducing disease…

A: Genomics is the branch of 'molecular biology' and it involves the study on the structure, and…

Respiratory Infections

Respiratory infections are infectious diseases of the respiratory tract that are mostly caused by bacteria and viruses. They cause infections of the throat, sinuses, airway path, and lungs. Respiratory infections are typically divided into two types: upper tract respiratory infection and lower tract respiratory infection.