Example 7: During the investigation of a new type of optical fiber having an index of refraction n = 1.21, a laser beam is aimed at the flat end of a straight fiber, as shown in the figure. What is the from maximum angle of incidence 01 if the beam is not to escape the sides of the fiber if it is surrounded by air?

(a) An opaque cylindrical tank with an open top has a diameter of 2.60 m and is completely filled with water. When the afternoon sun reaches an angle of 31.5° above the horizon, sunlight ceases to illuminate any part of the bottom of the tank. How deep is the tank (in m)? 4 Determine how the depth of the tank is related to the angle of refraction for the geometry described in the question. Drawing a diagram may be helpful. Then apply Snell's law to find the angle of refraction and use it to determine the depth of the water in the tank. m (b) What If? On winter solstice in Seattle, the sun reaches a maximum altitude of 19° above the horizon. What would the depth of the tank have to be (in m) for the sun not to illuminate the bottom of the tank on that day? m

A very large piece of clear ice has a cave man frozen inside it. When viewed at an anglefrom the top of the ice the cave man appears to be 1.00 ft below the surface of the ice.What is the actual depth (in units of inches) of the cave man from the top of the ice?The index of refraction of the ice is 1.309   Do NOT use i for the angle of incidence or r for the refracted angle

You can determine the index of refraction of a substance by determining its critical angle. (a) What is the index of refraction of a substance that has a critical angle of 51.0° when submerged in carbon tetrachloride, which has an index of refraction of 1.461? (b) What would the critical angle be for this substance in air?